Aspects of Phonological Deficiencies and Its Causes According to Al-Jāḥiẓ: Phonological Study with the Special Reference of Al-Bayān Wa-Al-Tabyīn

اللحن و عيوب الكلام عند الجاحظ :دراسة صوتية من خلال البيان و التبيين

Abstract

The term “deficiency” is one of the most important and basic area of the Arabic phonetic. It is a wide area of study in any language especially in Arabic; it needs books to cover every single aspects of it. This review paper aims at providing a short review about the Aspects of Arabic Phonological deficiencies and its causes in Al-Bayān Wa-Al-Tabyīn which is known as one of the major source of classical Arabic literature and criticism as well as it is an encyclopedia of Arabic language which discussed the deferent aspects of Arabic, especially its includes the Arabic phonetics and the aspects of “Error” and its reasons. The book pointed out the places of articulations and its Manners along the illnesses and causes by referring to the examples of poetry or speeches of the great scholars. This research work will focus on the term “deficiency” its kinds and reasons discussed by Al-Jāḥiẓ in his book. Moreover the paper will explore the types of illness like: Lisp and its kinds, aspect of solecism and the problems of non-Arab during Arabic pronunciations and the identification of those letters in which they may face the problems during the pronunciation. Furthermore the Article will summarize the specific accents of Persian, Nubṭian, Kūfian, Khurāsānian, Sindhian and Pakistani Arabic learners’ mistakes in the similar latters of Arabic and Urdu language.