An Analytical Study of the 19th-Century Modern Atheistic Movement in the Indian Subcontinent in the Light of Tafsīr Ḥaqqānī

برصغیر میں انیسویں صدی کی جدید الحادی تحریک کا تفسیر حقانی کی روشنی میں تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Abstract

This study examines the emergence of the modern atheistic movement in the nineteenth-century Indian Subcontinent and evaluates its intellectual foundations in light of Tafsīr Ḥaqqānī. The research highlights how forms of skepticism among the educated Muslim elite. British colonial rule, Western rationalism, scientific thought, and socio-cultural changes contributed to new It further analyzes Mawlānā ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Ḥaqqānī’s interpretive approach, which responds to these challenges through a balanced integration of classical Islamic theology and reasoned argumentation. The study concludes that Tafsīr Ḥaqqānī serves as a significant scholarly defense of traditional Islamic belief against modern secular and atheistic interpretations, offering an enduring framework for understanding and countering contemporary ideological trends.