Al-Mithaq ( Research Journal of Islamic Theology)
Al-Mīthāq (Research Journal of Islamic Theology) ISSN: 2791-0989 (P), 2791-0997 (E) is a tri-lingual (Urdu, English and Arabic), Double-Blind Peer-Reviewed, Open access, Quarterly Research Journal, is published by Hira Institute of Social Sciences Research & Development. In this journal different aspects of Islamic theology and their impact on Muslim world are discussed.
Hira Institute of Social Science Research & Development
Modern Halal Food: Islamic Ethics, Global Standards, and Emerging Challenges
The global halal food system has become a central concern for religiously observant consumers, policymakers, and multinational food corporations. Halal, as defined in Islamic jurisprudence, encompasses not only dietary prohibitions but also broader ethical considerations such as animal welfare, cleanliness, and the integrity of the supply chain. In an era of globalization, industrial-scale food production, and complex international trade networks, maintaining the authenticity of halal products presents multifaceted challenges. This paper critically examines the principles of halal from both classical Islamic sources and contemporary interpretations, highlighting their practical application in modern food processing, certification, and distribution. The study explores the diverse frameworks of halal certification across different countries, revealing significant variations in standards, auditing processes, and consumer trust mechanisms. It analyzes case studies from both Muslim-majority and non-Muslim-majority regions, demonstrating how cultural, regulatory, and economic factors influence the implementation of halal standards. Furthermore, the paper addresses contemporary challenges such as traceability in global supply chains, fraud prevention, technological integration in halal verification, and consumer awareness in a rapidly evolving market. The ethical dimensions of halal consumption are emphasized, linking religious compliance with broader objectives of sustainability, social responsibility, and public health. Finally, this research provides strategic recommendations for policymakers, certification bodies, and industry stakeholders. By harmonizing international halal standards, leveraging technological innovations for supply chain transparency, and promoting awareness among consumers, the global halal food ecosystem can achieve greater credibility, efficiency, and sustainability. The paper underscores that the halal food system is not merely a religious requirement but also a framework for ethical, sustainable, and socially responsible consumption in the contemporary world.
The Qur’ān as Fully Allegorical Revelation: An Analytical Study of Principled Opinions
One of the significant attributes of the Qurʾān is tashābuh (تشابہ), which has been mentioned in various contexts within the Qurʾān itself. When this term is applied to the Qurʾān, its meaning extends beyond a merely lexical sense and encompasses entire verses. This naturally raises an important question: what does it mean to describe the Qurʾān as mutashābih, and in what sense does this attribute apply to it? While at one place the Qurʾān categorizes some of its verses as muḥkam and others as mutashābih, at another it refers to the whole Qurʾān as kitāban mutashābihan)’(کتاباً متشابھا. This apparent variation may give rise to the problem of whether tashābuh is a partial attribute of the Qurʾān or a universal one. If it is universal, what then is its precise implication? Does this characterization suggest an inherent ambiguity in the overall meaning of the Qurʾān, or does it point toward a different underlying reality? To address this fundamental question, the present study first examines the classification of muḥkam and mutashābih verses, and then analyzes the views of classical exegetes (mufassirūn) and scholars of ʿulūm al-Qurʾān regarding the notion of the Qurʾān as entirely mutashābih.
The Baloch Nation and Balochistan as Bab-ul-Islam: Geographical and Political Perspectives
This study examines the Baloch nation and Balochistan with a focus on its geographical and political background, as well as its historical role as Bab-ul-Islam. It explores the origin of the term “Baloch” through various historical interpretations, highlighting the diversity of scholarly opinions regarding its etymology and ethnic roots. The research also traces the historical evolution of Balochistan as a region, emphasizing its strategic location across present-day Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan, and its geographical and economic significance. Furthermore, it analyzes the importance of Makran as a key route for the early arrival and spread of Islam into South Asia. The study concludes that Balochistan served as an important gateway for Islamic expansion, where the process of Islamization was gradual and marked by resistance, unlike the relatively rapid conquest of Sindh under Muhammad ibn Qasim. Overall, Balochistan holds a significant place in the historical, political, and religious landscape of the region.
Reassessing D. S. Margoliouth’s Perspective on the Inheritance Dispute of Fatimah (RA) and the Position of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (RA)
Margoliouth is considered one of the prominent orientalists. He has authored several books on Islam, one of which is The Early Development of Mohammedanism. In this book, he raises various allegations and questions against Islam and its sources, for example, the sequence of the surahs in the Qur’ān, the biography of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), the rules of warfare in Islam, and the Islamic tax system. Similarly, he levels an allegation against Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (R.A.), claiming that Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) deprived Hazrat Fatimah (R.A.) of her inheritance in order to take revenge for an insult his daughter had allegedly suffered a year earlier. However, he does not mention the details of that alleged insult. Since this opinion of Margoliouth could create misunderstandings regarding Abu Bakr R.A, it is important to examine his claim so that the real facts can be clarified. Margoliouth’s objection appears to be either based on a misunderstanding or deliberately presented in a misleading manner. Considering the depth of his study, it is unlikely that the facts were unknown to him. In this paper, the facts regarding this matter will be presented in the light of Islamic teachings, demonstrating that Margoliouth’s objection is unfounded.
The Concept of Religious Excess (Ghulu) in the Qur’ān: A Comparative Exegetical Study
The conceptual framework of "Ghulu" (Religious Excess/Extremism) holds a strategic position within theological discourse, directly impacting the stability, peace, and welfare of faith-based societies. Ghulu represents a cognitive and practical deviation from the balanced path of religion, leading into the abyss of extremism. This research paper provides a comprehensive scholarly investigation into the phenomenon of Ghulu through the lens of two pivotal Quranic verses: Surah An-Nisa (171) and Surah Al-Ma'idah (77). By synthesizing the insights of classical commentators such as Imam al-Tabari, Imam al-Maturidi, and Imam al-Razi with modern scholars like Rashid Rida and Ibn Ashur, this study constructs an authoritative exegetical framework. The primary focus of this research is the historical deviation of the "Ahl-e-Kitab" (People of the Book), which the Quran characterizes as Ghulu. The study evaluates how the Christians engaged in "Ifraat" (Excess) by deifying Jesus (A.S) beyond his status as a servant of God, while the Jews engaged in "Tafreet" (deficiency) through unjustified degradation and denial of his prophethood. The exegetical review demonstrates that Ghulu is not merely a theoretical debate but a primary driver of "Fasād fi’l-Arḍ" (corruption on earth), which led to the destruction of previous nations. Employing an exegetical and comparative methodology, the paper explores linguistic roots and theological complexities. The findings underscore the necessity of adhering to "Haneefiyat-e-Samha" (The Easy Monotheism) and the "Middle Path" (Iqtisad) to navigate 21st-century challenges. The synthesis of diverse scholarly views reveals that religious moderation is the only safeguard against intellectual chaos and social disintegration. The paper concludes by suggesting that educational and religious institutions must integrate the prevention of extremism into their core curricula to foster a balanced society.
Cultural Background of Islamic Architecture: A Brief Overview
There is no doubt that there is no corner of civilization in which Muslims have not made significant progress. But most of his accomplishments are reflected in the architecture and its supporting arts. The one and a half thousand-year history of Islam is in fact the history of the rise of Islamic architecture. Muslims decorated a large part of the world with beautiful buildings in different periods of their rule. Thus, at different times, Islamic architecture took different forms. Among them, there is diversity due to the differences in the country and the buildings, which is due to the climate, environment and construction issues of this country. But despite this, there is unity and continuity in Islamic architecture. This is a feature of Islamic civilization. In spite of their diversity, Islamic civilization has allowed fusion in all of them, which we call Islamic colors. And the basic element of this unity was the Islamic faith which united the different nations in this one faith. Due to which, whatever religious buildings are built in any part of the world in the future, they are all the same, which was not affected by time and distance. Every building has its own uniqueness. These Islamic buildings have a deep Muslim imprint. This is due to the architectural style and decorative carvings of these buildings and these carvings have a spiritual aspect which has its own distinct identity of Islamic architecture. At the same time, it is a valuable asset that still reflects Islamic civilization. In our article, we have examined this unity of Islamic architecture in a cultural context.
The Concept of Ummah in the Seerah: From a Tribal Society to a Global Brotherhood
Ummah is one of the most radical social concepts that were launched in the Prophetic age. The society in pre-Islamic Arabia was tribal in nature as tribal loyalties were predominant in the society and tribal concerns were at times more significant than ideas of justice, cohesiveness, and communal accountability. These tribal groupings often led to a long-term conflict and social disintegration. With the rise of Islam and its leader Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), the new system was established, which substituted the exclusiveness of tribal nature with the unity of the community founded on faith, moral duty, and mutual support. This paper investigates the evolution of the Ummah concept within the Seerah and how the Prophet was able to achieve the conversion of a disunited tribal society into a single society with the spirit of brotherhood and mutual values. The qualitative analysis of the Qur’ān, the Ḥadīth, and the classical Seerah sources presented in the research point to the important historical developments like the Hijrah, the establishment of brotherhood in the Muhājirūn and the Anṣār and the creation of the Constitution of Madinah. The results show that Prophetic model transformed social identity to accentuate equality, justice, and spiritual unity beyond tribal and ethnic division. The paper concludes that the understanding of Ummah remains helpful in achieving unity and collaboration among the world Muslim population.
Physical and Psychological Harm as Grounds for Marital Dissolution: A Critical Study of the Views of Islamic Jurists and Contemporary Fiqh Academies
This study examines the issue of the dissolution of marriage (Faskh al-Nikāḥ) based on physical and psychological harm within the framework of Islamic jurisprudence. The institution of marriage in Islam is intended to establish harmony, tranquility, and mutual respect between spouses. However, when one spouse suffers continuous harm that makes marital life unbearable, Islamic law provides mechanisms to remove such injustice. This research analyses the concept of ḍarar (harm) as discussed by classical jurists and contemporary Islamic legal bodies. It highlights that harm is not limited to physical abuse, such as beating or causing bodily injury, but also includes psychological and emotional harm, such as verbal abuse, humiliation, neglect, and betrayal. The study critically reviews the opinions of different schools of Islamic law regarding whether harm constitutes a valid ground for judicial dissolution. While some jurists, particularly within the Ḥanafī tradition and certain reports from the Shāfiʿī and Ḥanbalī schools, emphasize reconciliation through arbitration rather than separation, other scholars especially within the Mālikī School recognize harm as a legitimate basis for dissolving the marriage. The research also evaluates the views of modern fiqh academies and contemporary scholars. It concludes that removing harm and injustice aligns with the fundamental objectives of Sharīʿah, and therefore, judicial dissolution may be justified when marital life becomes intolerable due to physical or psychological abuse.
The study of the Seerah is, in reality, a means of connecting with that fountain of guidance from which the intellectual and spiritual life of the Muslim Ummah has continually drawn nourishment. It is a radiant mirror in which the realities of faith, the subtleties of moral character, and the wisdom of the Shariah appear in their most perfect beauty. For this reason, scholars and people of insight in every age have made Seerah the focus of their thought and research, so that the lights of the Prophetic example may remain ever fresh despite the passage of time, and humanity may continue to find in it the same illumination that first shone forth in the age of Prophethood. This work is also a graceful manifestation of this noble tradition, wherein the author has presented the account of the Prophetic Seerah through a harmonious blend of comprehensiveness, scholarly investigation, and brevity. Its comprehensiveness is such that the various aspects of the blessed life of the Prophet appear in a coherent and pleasing arrangement, enabling the reader to attain a multi-dimensional understanding of Prophetic life. Alongside this, a spirit of careful research and critical reflection is evident throughout, reflecting the author’s scholarly insight and intellectual caution. Despite the abundance of material, however, the author has preserved an admirable brevity and elegance of expression, ensuring that the narrative remains neither unduly prolonged nor burdensome for the reader, while the breadth of meaning is conveyed with refined clarity. Moreover, the work carries a dignified theological tone through which the events of the Prophet’s life are also illuminated from intellectual and doctrinal perspectives, allowing the truths of faith to take deeper root in the mind and helping to dispel doubts that may arise. In this way, the work emerges not only as a source of knowledge and research, but also as a meaningful endeavor towards the constructive transformation of human life.
A Scholarly Review of Dr. Nejātullāh Ṣiddīqī's Interpretations Regarding Takāful
This research critically examines the intellectual contributions of Dr. Nejātullāh Ṣiddīqī regarding "Takāful" (Islamic Insurance) within the framework of contemporary Urdu scholarship. Dr. Ṣiddīqī meticulously analyzed conventional insurance models, identifying their inherent conflicts with Sharīʻah principles due to the presence of Ribā (Usury), Gharar (Uncertainty), and Qimār (Gambling). He advocated for a fundamental paradigm shift from 'risk transfer' to 'risk sharing,' proposing a system rooted in the Islamic values of mutual cooperation (Ta'āwun) and voluntary contribution (Tabarrʻu). By synthesizing classical Islamic jurisprudence with modern economic complexities in his seminal works, Dr. Ṣiddīqī provided a robust theoretical foundation for an ethical insurance alternative. He emphasized that the primary objective of Takāful should be social welfare and collective security rather than mere commercial exploitation. This study evaluates his visionary interpretations and highlights their ongoing relevance in navigating the financial challenges of the 21st century while upholding the broader Maqāṣid al- Sharīʻah (Objectives of Sharīʻah).
The Interrelationship of the Universe, Nature, and Man: In the Light of Qur’ānic Studies
The interrelationship of the universe, nature, and man, when examined in the light of Qur’ānic studies, reveals an intricately balanced system of divine harmony and purposeful design. The Qur’ān presents a comprehensive cosmological vision in which every element of creation animates or inanimate exists in a state of submission to the Creator, reflecting His wisdom, power, and mercy. Humanity, within this cosmic framework, holds a distinctive yet responsible position as the vicegerent of Allah on earth, entrusted with maintaining balance, justice, and sustainability in all spheres of life. The Qur’ānic worldview thus defines the relationship among man, nature, and the universe not as one of conflict or exploitation but of cooperation, reflection, and moral accountability. In essence, Qur’ānic studies illuminate the interrelationship between the universe, nature, and man as an integrated moral, spiritual, and ecological system rooted in tawḥīd. The Qur’ān envisions a world where every aspect of creation participates in divine order and where humanity’s role is to live in harmony with that order protecting, nurturing, and reflecting the Creator’s wisdom on earth. This relationship, grounded in reverence and responsibility, provides a timeless framework for addressing modern environmental challenges and reestablishing balance between man and the cosmos under the guidance of divine revelation.
An Introductory Study of the Books Written by the Authors of Jhang on the Love of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ)
The personality of the Holy Prophet Muḥammadﷺ represents the highest pinnacle of moral excellence, spiritual beauty and human perfection. His character conduct and Prophetic model possess such an enduring attraction that the closer one draws to him, the deeper one becomes devoted. His Sīrah resembles an eternal garden whose flowers remain untouched by the decay of time. Love for the Prophetﷺ has remained a defining feature of Muslim faith, inspiring scholars, saints, poets and authors across all ages to express their devotion through speech, writing and even sacrifice of life. This research article presents an analytical study of selected works authored by scholars of Jhang that reflect profound love for the Prophetﷺ. The study primarily examines Shān-e-Muṣṭafā and ʿIshq-e-Rasūl ﷺby Shaykh Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi and Maḥbūbāt-e-Thalātha by Mawlānā Muhammad Bilal Jhangvi. These works articulate the exalted status of the Prophetﷺ through Qur’ānic exegesis, Prophetic traditions, historical narratives and spiritual insights. Shān-e-Muṣṭafā explores the themes of divine love and reassurance for the Prophetﷺ through the interpretation of Sūrah al-Ḍuḥā, highlighting the unique relationship between Allah and His Belovedﷺ.ʿIshq-e-Rasūl ﷺprovides a conceptual and experiential analysis of love and devotion, illustrating how intense love for the Prophetﷺ leads ultimately to divine love. Maḥbūbāt-e-Thalātha systematically explains the three beloved attributes of the Prophetﷺ, the Companions, Angel Jibrīl and Allah Almighty, grounding each in Qur’ān, Ḥadīth and Sīrah.The study concludes that the contributions of Jhang’s scholars present a rich blend of scholarship and spirituality, reinforcing love for the Prophetﷺ as a transformative force for individual faith and collective moral refinement.
A Special Study of the Preaching Methodology in the Ghazawāt and Sarāyā in the Light of Bayān al-Qurʾān by Dr. Israr Ahmad
The Holy Qur’ān does not present the idea of salvation as limited to an individual alone; rather, it portrays the whole of humanity as part of a historical struggle. The climax of this historical struggle is the call towards Allāh (Da ‘wah ilā Allāh), a responsibility entrusted to the Muslim Ummah from Prophet Adam (peace be upon him) to Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). According to Dr. Israr Ahmed, understanding the continuity of this call towards Allah is the true objective of understanding the Qur’ān. According to Dr. Israr Ahmed, the purpose of the battles and expeditions (Ghazawāt and Sarāyā) was to establish an organized state system and to raise the Word of Allāh, so that the correct methodology of Islamic propagation could be built upon a proper structure. Thus, the Ghazawāt and Sarāyā were not merely military operations; rather, they were a living example of a collective struggle extending from the individual to the level of society as a whole.
Islamic Ethical Values and Economic System: A Research and Analytical Study
This research paper examines the profound interconnection between Islamic moral values and the economic system, highlighting how ethics serve as the foundation of an equitable and sustainable economy in Islam. The study delves into core values such as taqwā (God-consciousness), ʻadl (justice), iḥsān (benevolence), ukhuwah (brotherhood), and taʻāwun (cooperation), exploring their practical implications on wealth creation, distribution, and consumption. Through analyzing these principles, the paper illustrates how the Islamic economic model promotes fairness, eliminates exploitative practices like usury and hoarding, and encourages social welfare through zakāt, waqf, and voluntary charity. Moreover, the research explores the pivotal concept of ḥalāl and ḥarām in Islamic economics, analyzing its application in income generation, wealth exchange, and distribution. By evaluating Islamic financial institutions, interest-free banking mechanisms (like mudārabah and mushārakah), and judicial enforcement of economic justice, the study identifies how moral standards are practically integrated within modern Islamic economies. The findings affirm the relevance of Islamic ethical guidelines in addressing global economic crises and propose actionable strategies for implementing these values in contemporary financial systems.
The Influence of the Political Milieu on al-Ḥarīrī,s Maqāmāt
This paper presents a brief study of the political environment reflected in the Maqāmāt of al-Ḥarīrī. It outlines the political context of the Abbasid period, provides a concise definition of the maqāmah as a literary genre, and discusses the reasons for its emergence. The study then highlights how al-Ḥarīrī depicts contemporary political and administrative realities through satire, narrative structure, and rhetorical expression. It argues that the Maqāmāt offer an implicit portrayal of political instability and social conditions, revealing the interaction between literary form and political context. Using a descriptive and analytical approach, the paper demonstrates that al-Ḥarīrī’s Maqāmāt serve as both a literary innovation and a reflection of their political milieu.
Islamic Law of Inheritance and Distribution of the Deceased’s Estate in the Light of Shariah Teachings
The title “Division of Property” primarily refers to the distribution of inheritance, and the present study likewise focuses on the Islamic law of inheritance distribution. Since the division of an estate is not possible without first properly formulating the inheritance problem (masʾala), this study begins by explaining the method of preparing inheritance calculations and subsequently elaborates on the principles governing the actual distribution of inheritance. Given that certain inheritance scenarios differ from standard cases, a separate section is devoted to addressing such exceptional situations. Accordingly, this thesis is structured into three main sections. The first section, Inheritance Calculations, deals with the technical preparation of the masʾala. Its most crucial component is the determination of mukhārij al-furūḍ (denominators of the fixed shares), which are discussed in detail. Since these denominators may sometimes increase or decrease, the principles of ʿawl and radd are examined to resolve such complexities. Furthermore, when shares cannot be evenly divided among heirs, the method of taṣḥīḥ al-masāʾil (correction of the inheritance problem) is explained to ensure accurate allocation of shares. The second section, Distribution of Inheritance, addresses the practical application of these calculations. The distribution process is carried out in two stages. The first stage explains how the estate is distributed among the deceased’s heirs, detailing both group-based and individual shares. The second stage discusses the preparation of the masʾala and the subsequent distribution of the estate among creditors, where applicable. In cases where heirs do not receive their precise shares, the process of taṣḥīḥ al-taqsīm (correction of distribution) is comprehensively discussed. The third section focuses on Special Cases in Inheritance Distribution. These include situations where an heir relinquishes his or her share in return for a specific asset from the estate, a process known as takhāruj, as well as cases where one or more heirs die successively before the estate is fully distributed, resulting in complex redistribution issues known as munāsakha. Both matters are analyzed in detail to clarify their legal implications and practical resolution.
The Revelation of the Qur’ān and the Thoughts of Craig Considine
The revelation of the Qurʾān (waḥy) constitutes the foundational source of Islamic belief, law, and worldview, and occupies a central position in Muslim theological and intellectual tradition. In contemporary Western scholarship, the Qurʾān and its revelatory nature have been approached from diverse perspectives, including sociological, ethical, and interfaith frameworks. Among these contemporary voices is Craig Considine, a Christian sociologist whose writings focus on Christian–Muslim relations, religious pluralism, and the ethical dimensions of Islamic teachings. This study critically examines the concept of Qurʾānic revelation in light of Craig Considine’s interpretations and reflections. It explores how Considine engages with the Qurʾān primarily as a moral and humanistic text aimed at fostering interreligious understanding, rather than as a divinely revealed scripture defined by classical Islamic doctrines of waḥy. By comparing his sociological and inclusive readings with the traditional Islamic understanding of Qurʾānic revelation as preserved in the sciences of the Qurʾān (ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān) and classical tafsīr, the article highlights points of convergence and divergence between the two approaches. The study argues that while Considine’s perspective contributes positively to interfaith dialogue and counters Islamophobic narratives, it remains limited in addressing the theological depth and epistemological framework of Qurʾānic revelation as understood within Islamic scholarship. The article thus seeks to situate Considine’s thoughts within broader contemporary discourse and assess their relevance and limitations from an Islamic academic standpoint.
Guidance from Sūrah Yūsuf for the Moral and Character Development of the Young Generation
Sūrat Yūsuf presents one of the most comprehensive Qurʾānic narratives, offering profound moral, spiritual, and psychological guidance that is highly relevant to the character development of the young generation. This study explores the ethical and moral lessons embedded in the life of Prophet Yūsuf (ʿalayhi al-salām), focusing on their applicability to contemporary youth facing moral, social, and identity-based challenges. Through a qualitative thematic analysis of selected verses, the paper highlights core values such as patience in adversity, self-restraint in the face of temptation, trust in divine wisdom, integrity, forgiveness, and resilience. The narrative demonstrates how moral excellence is cultivated through trials rather than comfort, emphasizing emotional discipline, moral agency, and steadfast faith. The study further argues that Sūrat Yūsuf provides a holistic framework for character education that integrates spiritual consciousness with ethical conduct and social responsibility. By contextualizing these Qurʾānic principles within modern educational and social realities, the paper underscores the enduring relevance of Sūrat Yūsuf as a foundational source for nurturing morally upright, emotionally resilient, and socially responsible youth.
Shariah-Compliant Governance Framework for HR Practices in Karachi’s IT Sector
This research investigates the congruence between the fast-developing IT sector of Karachi, Human Resource (HR) practices, and the principles of Islamic law and ethics, and based on this elaborates a HR governance framework of a Shariah compliance. The research employs qualitative multiple-case studies, which will span the years 2024 to 2025, and analyses the key employment-related documents, which were voluntarily provided to the researcher by the software companies of varying sizes. These documents include appointment letters, employment contracts, HR policy manuals, and performance and disciplinary management records. To see if these documents fulfil the basic conditions of Shariah law on employment relations, the research employs both content and thematic analyses. The study focuses on informed mutual consent, transparency and lack of (gharar) ambiguity in job duties, salary, hours of work, and grounds for termination. The study also focuses on the absence of, and protection from, exploitation, inadequacy of pay and delays in payment of wages, and absence of, and the absence of, unreasonable discretionary power to employment relations. Despite many organizations showing basic compliance and gathering all necessary paperwork, copious amounts of gaps still remain in Shariah-focused HR governance. Most of these gaps relate to vague/unaddressed overtime policies, vague job descriptions, and unethical hiring practices such as dummy interviews, aggressive headhunting, and referrals without merit. Furthermore, employee welfare policies, especially those targeting stress and burnout in IT environments, are often absent or inadequate. HR managers generally do not consider HR functions to be an amānah, or moral responsibility. They main relinquish the ideals of integrity, fairness, and compassion, and simply treat them as niceties or optional practices. In light of these findings, the study presents a pragmatic and innovative HR governance plan that focuses on clear job descriptions, open and fair termination policies, merit-based hiring, and regular Shariah compliance assessments. This research focuses on the Karachi software industry, which provides a local empirical gap and helps address the local and global HR gap of Islamic justice, accountability, and dignity principles. This alignment can minimize workplace conflicts, enhance trust and employee retention, and defend the organizational moral income.
The Historical and Theoretical Foundations of the Evolution of Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt
The study explores the emergence, development, and intellectual grounding of Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt (Jurisprudence of Muslim Minorities) within the broader framework of Islamic jurisprudence. It traces the historical roots of minority-related legal discussions from the classical period of Islamic law to the contemporary era, highlighting how changing socio-political contexts have necessitated fresh juristic responses. The research examines the theoretical foundations of Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt, emphasizing the role of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʻah (objectives of Islamic law) as a guiding principle in addressing the unique challenges faced by Muslim minorities living in non-Muslim societies. It argues that traditional legal methodologies, while rooted in classical jurisprudence, require contextual reinterpretation through contemporary ijtihād to remain relevant and effective. Furthermore, the article analyzes the evolution of Islamic legal thought in response to globalization, migration, citizenship, and pluralistic societies, demonstrating how Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt seeks to balance religious commitment with civic responsibility. The study underscores that this field is not a departure from Islamic legal tradition but an extension of its dynamic and adaptive nature. By situating Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt within both historical continuity and modern legal discourse, the article highlights its significance as a vital area of contemporary Islamic jurisprudence, capable of offering practical and ethically grounded solutions for Muslim minorities in diverse global contexts.
Spiritual Training and the Prophetic Sīrah
Islam offers a holistic framework for human development that addresses both the external and internal dimensions of life. Among its core objectives is tazkiyah the purification of the soul and moral refinement. The Prophetic Sīrah (biography of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ) stands as a timeless model for spiritual training, providing a comprehensive system that nurtures sincerity, remembrance of Allah (dhikr), self-accountability, repentance, patience, gratitude, and noble character. This study explores the spiritual methodology embedded in the life of the Prophet ﷺ and analyzes its relevance for personal transformation and societal wellbeing. The Qur’ānic verse, "He purifies them and teaches them the Book and wisdom" (Sūrah Al-Jumu'ah: 2), encapsulates the Prophet’s ﷺ dual mission of intellectual enlightenment and inner purification. In an age dominated by materialism, psychological unrest, and ethical decline, the Prophetic model of spiritual development emerges as a vital remedy for the human soul. This paper argues for the urgent need to revive Sīrah-based spirituality across various platforms educational curricula, community institutions, media, and digital technology to cultivate conscious, ethical, and spiritually grounded individuals.
An Analytical Study of the 19th-Century Modern Atheistic Movement in the Indian Subcontinent in the Light of Tafsīr Ḥaqqānī
This study examines the emergence of the modern atheistic movement in the nineteenth-century Indian Subcontinent and evaluates its intellectual foundations in light of Tafsīr Ḥaqqānī. The research highlights how forms of skepticism among the educated Muslim elite. British colonial rule, Western rationalism, scientific thought, and socio-cultural changes contributed to new It further analyzes Mawlānā ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Ḥaqqānī’s interpretive approach, which responds to these challenges through a balanced integration of classical Islamic theology and reasoned argumentation. The study concludes that Tafsīr Ḥaqqānī serves as a significant scholarly defense of traditional Islamic belief against modern secular and atheistic interpretations, offering an enduring framework for understanding and countering contemporary ideological trends.
A Study of the Status of the Prophet (PBUH) in the Light of the Holy Qur’ān and Its Effects
The Qur’ān delineates the unparalleled status of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), presenting him not merely as a messenger but as the ultimate exemplar of divine guidance and moral perfection. The recognition of his Maqām (exalted rank) constitutes an essential component of Islamic belief, wherein obedience, reverence, and love for the Prophet are directly linked to the completeness of faith. This elevated position, as articulated in various Qur’ānic verses, manifests in two dimensions: theological significance and socio-practical impact. Theologically, Maqām-e-Muṣṭafā affirms his role as the medium of divine mercy, the seal of prophethood, and the embodiment of Qur’ānic values. Practically, it inspires individual spiritual refinement, fosters collective solidarity, and establishes a framework for justice and ethical conduct within society. By integrating doctrinal principles with practical imperatives, the Qur’ān underscores the enduring relevance of the Prophet’s status for the preservation of Islamic identity and the moral flourishing of the Muslim Ummah. This study, therefore, provides an analytical exploration of the Qur’ānic discourse on Maqam-e-Mustafa and its transformative impacts on both individual and communal levels.
The Intellectual and Practical Role of Pīr Meher ʻAlī Shāh in the Refutation of Qadianism
Abstract This study examines the intellectual and practical role of Pīr Meher ʿAlī Shāh in the refutation of Qadianism (Ahmadiyya movement) during the late colonial period of the Indian subcontinent. It highlights his unique position as a Sufi-scholar who combined rigorous classical learning with spiritual authority and public engagement. On the intellectual level, the paper analyzes his scholarly critiques, most notably his reasoned response to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad’s doctrinal claims grounded in Qurʾān, Sunnah, consensus (ijmāʿ), and principles of Islamic theology and finality of prophethood (Khatm al-Nubuwwah). On the practical level, the study explores his role in mobilizing religious scholars, influencing public opinion, and safeguarding mainstream Sunni belief through debates, correspondence, and institutional support. The paper argues that Pīr Meher ʿAlī Shāh’s contribution represents a balanced model of scholarly refutation and ethical engagement, demonstrating how intellectual rigor, spiritual credibility, and social responsibility can effectively respond to doctrinal challenges. His approach not only countered Qadianism in his own time but also left a lasting impact on later movements defending Islamic orthodoxy in South Asia.
The Role of Reasoning and Nature (Fiṭrah) in Shaping and Originating the Objectives of Sharīʿah: A Study in the Perspectives of Early and Later Muslim Scholars
This article explores the role of reason (‘aql) and human nature (fitrah) in the determination and inference of the objectives of Sharīʿah (Maqasid al- Sharīʿah) as understood by classical and modern scholars. It highlights that Sharīʿah is not merely a set of legal rules but a comprehensive system designed to ensure human well-being in both worldly and spiritual life. The study traces the historical evolution of the concept of Maqasid, from its early emergence in classical jurisprudence to its systematic articulation by later scholars such as Al-Shatibi. Classical scholars like Imam Shafi‘i, Imam Abu Hanifa, and Imam Malik emphasized the interplay of reason and human nature in understanding the wisdom and objectives behind legal rulings, while maintaining the primacy of textual evidence. Modern scholars, including Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur, ‘Allal al-Fassi, and Yusuf al-Qaradawi, have expanded the scope of Maqasid to include human dignity, social justice, and civilizational interests, viewing reason and fitrah as essential tools for adapting Shariah to contemporary challenges. The article concludes that both reason and human nature serve as complementary guides in the comprehension and application of Shariah objectives, bridging the gap between textual injunctions and the ethical and societal imperatives they intend to serve.
A Research Based Study of the Objectives of Sharīʻah and Juristic Legal Maxims as Mentioned in the Fatawa of Dārul ʻUlūm Deoband by Muftī Muḥammad Shafīʿ
This research article presents an analytical study of the application of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah (the objectives of Islamic law) and major Qawāʿid Fiqhiyyah (juristic maxims) in Fatāwā Dār al-ʿUlūm Deoband authored by Mufti Muhammad Shafiʿ (d. 1396 AH). The study highlights Mufti Shafiʿ’s distinguished juristic methodology, developed during his tenure as Ṣadr Mufti of Dār al-ʿUlūm Deoband (1349–1362 AH), and later continued in Karachi. It demonstrates how his fatwas consistently balance textual evidences with higher objectives of the Sharīʿah, particularly the preservation of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and wealth. Through a thematic and analytical approach, the research examines numerous fatwas in which Mufti Muhammad Shafiʿ explicitly or implicitly employed maqāṣid-oriented reasoning, precautionary principles, and well-established juristic maxims such as al-ḍarūrāt tubīḥ al-maḥẓūrāt (necessities permit prohibitions), lā ḍarar wa lā ḍirār (no harm and no reciprocating harm), al-ʿurf muʿtabar (custom is legally recognized), and al-ḍarar yuzāl (harm must be eliminated). The article shows that while remaining firmly rooted in the Hanafi legal tradition, Mufti Shafiʿ adopted a pragmatic and socially conscious approach, particularly in matters related to modern challenges, public welfare, health crises, economic transactions, and social customs. The study concludes that Fatāwā Dār al-ʿUlūm Deoband represent a comprehensive and balanced model of applied Islamic jurisprudence, wherein adherence to classical principles is harmonized with consideration of societal realities and public interest. The research emphasizes the contemporary relevance of Mufti Muhammad Shafiʿ’s juristic methodology and recommends further comparative, thematic, and digital research on this significant corpus to facilitate its effective use in addressing modern legal and ethical issues in the Muslim world.
Syed Abul Aʻalā Mawdūdī’s Methodology in Responding to Contemporary Atheistic Critiques on Islamic Modesty (Pardah)
Syed Abul Aʻalā Mawdūdī adopted a comprehensive and multidimensional methodology in responding to contemporary atheistic critiques against Islamic concepts, particularly Islamic modesty (Pardah). Recognizing the diversity in intellectual capacity, social background, and psychological disposition of his audience, he employed varied styles of argumentation across his writings to effectively communicate his message. His approach combined rational reasoning, moral critique, sociological analysis, and persuasive discourse to address doubts and objections raised by modern atheistic thought. Mawdūdī viewed atheistic criticism of Islamic modesty not as an isolated issue but as part of a broader denial of God, religion, and moral restraints. He argued that such objections were driven by an underlying desire to free human beings from divine limits, ultimately subjecting them to unchecked desires, sexual indulgence, and materialistic domination. By systematically countering these critiques, Mawdūdī sought to reaffirm the moral, spiritual, and civilizational wisdom of Islamic teachings and successfully persuaded many religion-averse individuals of the intellectual and ethical validity of Islam. His methodology remains a significant model for engaging with modern ideological challenges to Islamic values.
Prophetic Teachings on Combating Environmental Pollution and Our Responsibilities
This study examines the prophetic guidance related to environmental preservation and situates it within contemporary ecological challenges. Drawing upon Qur’anic principles of balance, moderation, and the purposeful order embedded in creation, the article highlights how the Prophet Muhammad’s (peace be upon him) teachings articulate a comprehensive ethic of environmental responsibility. The research surveys major forms of pollution, water, land, air, and noise, and analyzes relevant prophetic instructions that aim to prevent harm, maintain cleanliness, and safeguard natural resources. These teachings address both direct environmental concerns, such as preventing the contamination of water sources, maintaining public hygiene, and discouraging wasteful consumption, as well as broader ecological sensibilities rooted in compassion for all living beings. Although many modern environmental crises are products of industrialization and technological excess, the article demonstrates that the Prophet’s principles offer enduring ethical foundations for sustainable living. The concluding section outlines the individual and collective responsibilities that emerge from this prophetic framework and proposes how they can inform present-day efforts to counter environmental degradation. By rediscovering and implementing these teachings with conscious intent, Muslim societies can contribute meaningfully to global environmental stewardship.
Ḥadīth Ḍa‘īf: Methodological Differences and Practical Implementation: An Analytical Study
This study critically explores the role of Ḥadith-e-Da‘if in shaping methodological differences and practical applications within the Islamic scholarly tradition. It examines the historical divergence among Ḥadith scholars regarding the acceptance and use of Da‘if narrations, categorizing approaches as precautionary, ijtihādī, and devotional-ethical. By analyzing theoretical frameworks alongside practical applications, the research assesses the adherence to established conditions for employing Hadith-e-Da‘if in historical contexts. Case studies of leading scholars, including Imam Ahmad, Imam Nawawi, and Ibn Hajar, reveal occasional gaps between stated principles and their practical implementation. These variations highlight both the richness and the complexity of Islamic jurisprudential discourse. The study concludes that while scholarly methodologies were rigorous in theory, practical implementation often reflected flexibility, underscoring the need for a balanced approach by contemporary scholars. This research offers insights into the interplay between Hadith criticism and its real-world application, providing guidance for methodologically sound utilization in modern scholarship.
Women’s Adornment and Plastic Surgery: A Critical Analysis of Ja‘farī Jurisprudence and Contemporary Juristic Ijtihādāt
This article offers a critical and analytical examination of women’s adornment practices and the contemporary rise of cosmetic and plastic surgery, situating the debate within the jurisprudential frameworks of the four Sunni schools of law, the Jaʿfari school, and the positions of modern jurists. The rapid transformation of aesthetic standards in the modern world has not only reshaped social expectations but has also raised complex legal-ethical questions in Islamic jurisprudence. These questions include: To what extent are cosmetic modifications permissible? How should Islamic law distinguish between treatment, necessity, removal of defects, and mere beautification? And does plastic surgery constitute an unlawful alteration of God’s creation, or can it be considered a legitimate form of medical treatment? Drawing upon classical principles such as taghyīr khalq Allāh (altering creation), tashabbuh (imitation), ḍarar (harm), ḥājah (need), and ʿurf (social custom), the study maps out the diverse legal reasoning employed by past and present jurists. It critically compares the interpretive methodologies of the four Sunni madhāhib and the Jaʿfari school, highlighting both areas of convergence such as permissibility in cases of genuine deformity and points of divergence, particularly concerning purely beautifying procedures. Ultimately, the analysis reveals that while Islamic jurisprudence maintains a clear commitment to preserving human dignity and preventing harm, it also provides flexible interpretive avenues that accommodate medical necessity, corrective procedures, and culturally informed notions of adornment.