Al-Mithaq ( Research Journal of Islamic Theology)
Al-Mīthāq (Research Journal of Islamic Theology) ISSN: 2791-0989 (P), 2791-0997 (E) is a tri-lingual (Urdu, English and Arabic), Double-Blind Peer-Reviewed, Open access, Quarterly Research Journal, is published by Hira Institute of Social Sciences Research & Development. In this journal different aspects of Islamic theology and their impact on Muslim world are discussed.
Hira Institute of Social Science Research & Development
Interactive Qur’ānic Learning: Enhancing Youth Engagement, Qur’ānic Comprehension and Reflective Understanding
The Qur’ān occupies a central position in Muslim intellectual and spiritual life; however, many young Muslims today experience a growing disconnect between recitation-based learning and meaningful comprehension of the Qur’ānic message. Traditional pedagogical approaches, while successful in preserving textual transmission, often struggle to engage contemporary youth whose learning preferences are shaped by interactivity, participation, and contextual relevance. This study explores the potential of interactive learning as a pedagogical pathway for enhancing youth engagement and comprehension of the Qur’ān. Adopting a qualitative and conceptual research approach, the paper draws upon classical Qur’ānic pedagogy, contemporary educational theory, and selected models of interactive learning to examine how dialogical, experiential, and digitally mediated strategies can support a deeper understanding of the Qur’ānic text. The study argues that interactive learning is not a foreign imposition upon Islamic education but resonates with the Qur’ān’s own emphasis on reflection (tadabbur), inquiry, and moral reasoning. Forms of interaction such as discussion-based learning, collaborative study circles, multimedia tools, and guided reflective practices are examined as means to move learners beyond rote memorisation toward comprehension, ethical awareness, and lived application of Qur’ānic teachings. The paper also addresses critical challenges associated with interactive approaches, including the risk of oversimplification, loss of reverence, and epistemic authority in interpretation. It emphasises the necessity of scholarly oversight and ethically grounded frameworks to ensure that interactivity enhances rather than diminishes the sanctity of the Qur’ān. The study concludes by proposing an integrated model of interactive Qur’ānic learning that balances pedagogical innovation with the Islamic intellectual tradition, offering practical insights for educators, institutions, and communities seeking to reconnect the younger generation with the Qur’ān in meaningful and sustainable ways.
The Concept of Spiritual and Online Bai'at in Sufism: An Analysis of Major Sufi Orders
In the contemporary digital age, the traditional Ṣūfī concept of bayʿah (spiritual allegiance) faces new expressions and challenges through online platforms, virtual mentorship, and cyber communities۔ This study explores the interplay between Spiritual Allegiance rooted in the classical Ṣūfī understanding of direct master-disciple relationship, heart-to-heart transmission (transference of barakah), and disciplined spiritual training and Online Allegiance, which emerges in the form of virtual initiations, social media-based followings, and digital Ṣūfī networks۔ Drawing upon the teachings and practices of major Ṣūfī orders, Chishtī, Qādirī, Naqshbandī, Suhrawardī۔The research examines how each ṭariqah historically conceptualized allegiance, authority, and spiritual lineage (silsila)۔ The Chishti emphasis on love (ishq) and service, the Naqshbandī focus on silent remembrance (dhikr khafī) and inner discipline, the Qādirī stress on outward prophetic adherence۔ The paper argues that while digital tools have democratized access to Ṣūfī knowledge, shortened distances, and enabled global connectivity, they simultaneously risk diluting the transformative power of face-to-face companionship (ṣuḥba), accountability, and personalized guidance that constitute the core of authentic bayʿah۔ Issues such as superficial affiliation, absence of rigorous vetting of spiritual guides, commodification of sacred knowledge, and the illusion of progress without inner struggle are critically analyzed۔ It concludes that authentic spiritual allegiance remains deeply personal, hierarchical, and covenantal in nature, yet judicious and ethically grounded use of online mediums can serve as a supplementary bridge rather than a replacement for traditional Ṣūfī pedagogy۔ The research ultimately calls for a renewed fiqh al-zaman (jurisprudence of the age) within Ṣūfī orders to preserve the sanctity of the spiritual pact while embracing the realities of the digital era۔
Shaikh ʿAlī Hujwīrī and the Development of Islamic Mysticism in South Asia
Shaikh ʿAlī Hujwīrī, popularly known as Dātā Ganj Bakhsh, occupies a central position in the history of Islamic mysticism in South Asia. His famous work Kashf-ul-Mahjūb is regarded as one of the earliest and most influential Persian texts on Ṣūfīsm. This article examines the life, intellectual background, travels, teachings, and spiritual mission of Shaikh Hujwīrī within the socio-political and religious environment of the eleventh century. It highlights his role as a bridge between the early theoretical phase of Ṣūfīsm and the later development of organized Ṣūfī orders. The article further explores his efforts to harmonize Islamic law (Sharī‘at) and mysticism (Haqiqat), his views on knowledge, morality, sainthood, and spiritual discipline, and his contribution toward the moral and spiritual development of society. Special attention is given to his intellectual versatility, his engagement with different theological and philosophical schools, and his influence on later Ṣūfī traditions in South Asia. Through Kashf-ul-Mahjūb, Shaikh Hujwīrī presented Islamic mysticism in a clear, practical, and purely Islamic form rooted in the Qur’an and Sunnah. His teachings greatly influenced later saints, especially within the Chishti tradition, and helped transform Ṣūfīsm into a broad spiritual and social movement in the Subcontinent.
An Introductory Review of Selected Prominent Urdu Fiqh-Based Books on the Prophetic Seerah (19th to 20th Hijri Century)
This study offers an analytical and introductory review of selected prominent Urdu works on the Prophetic Seerah that incorporate juristic (fiqh-based) discussions, produced during the 19th to 20th Hijri centuries. It explores how these writings move beyond mere historical narration to present the Seerah as a practical and normative source for legal reasoning, ethical guidance, and socio-religious organization. The paper examines the methodological approaches adopted by scholars in integrating jurisprudential discourse within the biographical framework of the Prophet ﷺ. It highlights the ways in which legal rulings, principles of fiqh, and applied aspects of Islamic law are derived from events of the Seerah, thereby demonstrating the dynamic relationship between historical narrative and legal theory. Special attention is given to how these works address contemporary challenges of their respective periods by contextualizing Prophetic guidance within evolving social and intellectual landscapes. Furthermore, the study evaluates the scholarly significance of these contributions in shaping modern Urdu Seerah literature, particularly in strengthening the applied dimension of Islamic jurisprudence. It argues that such fiqh-oriented Seerah writings play a vital role in bridging the gap between classical legal theory and lived realities, offering a coherent model for understanding the practical implementation of Islamic teachings.
Comprehensiveness of the Prophet’s Supplications
Duʿāʾ (supplication) constitutes a fundamental act of faith in Islam, serving as a direct and intimate means of communication between a believer and Allah Almighty. It nurtures a continuous spiritual connection, enabling individuals to seek divine guidance, mercy, and support in all aspects of life. Beyond its devotional nature, duʿāʾ functions as a powerful source of inner peace, resilience, and hope, fostering both spiritual elevation and emotional well-being. Each day presents a renewed opportunity for self-improvement, and in this journey, supplication remains a vital tool for maintaining humility and reliance upon Allah. The supplications of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ hold a distinctive status due to their comprehensiveness, eloquence, and depth of meaning. Characterized by concise yet all-encompassing expressions (jawāmiʿ al-kalim), Prophetic duʿās effectively integrate both worldly and otherworldly concerns, encompassing spiritual, moral, and physical dimensions of human life. These supplications frequently emphasize seeking all forms of good and protection from all forms of evil, reflecting a holistic approach to human well-being. This article explores the comprehensive nature of the Prophetic supplications, highlighting their thematic breadth and practical relevance. It aims to demonstrate how incorporating these duʿās into daily life can enrich a believer’s spiritual practice, strengthen their connection with Allah, and ensure a balanced and blessed life in both worldly and eternal contexts.
Diplomatic Management in the Military Strategy of the Prophet ﷺ
In history, war and diplomacy have always gone side by side. War is not only about force or weapons, but also about wisdom, planning, intelligence and clear thinking. The Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) shows a unique example of leadership, moral strength, and strategic skill. He connected it with psychology, emotions, and ethics. He always observed the enemy’s state of mind and weaknesses before making any strategy. This made the enemy lose confidence, while Muslims gained unity, trust, and discipline. A study of the Prophet’s campaigns shows that he always gave priority to peace, dialogue, and agreements before fighting. His strategy was wide and balanced. It included mental training, using clever tactics when needed, gathering information, planning carefully, consulting with companions, and respect for treaties. Diplomacy and military measures were part of one system, not separate fields. The main goal of his tactics was to save lives, protect communities, and spread the message of Allah in a peaceful manner. In modern era, misuse of power often brings conflict and threatens peace, the Prophet’s approach gives guidance. He showed that strength can be balanced with mercy, and diplomacy can stand beside strategy. His methods prove that justice, discipline, and respect are stronger tools than fear or violence. This paper explains how the Prophet (ﷺ) joined military planning with diplomacy, and how these lessons can still help in modern international relations to build peace, security justice and create stability without losing moral values.
Ethical Concerns Regarding Artificial Intelligence and Religious Guidance: A Critical and Analytical Study
Religion has long served as a foundational force in human history, shaping moral frameworks that define responsibility, justice, good and evil, and human dignity. Unlike purely secular systems, religious ethics extends beyond outward actions and places strong emphasis on intention, spiritual consciousness, and ultimate accountability. It evaluates human behavior through an inner moral lens in which sincerity, ethical awareness, and purpose determine the true value of actions. Major world religions, including Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, consistently emphasize the sacred nature of human moral agency. In Islam, the concept of Khalīfat Allāh fī al-Arḍ portrays human beings as God’s representatives on earth, entrusted with moral responsibility, while the prophetic principle “Innamā al-a‘māl bi al-niyyāt” (“Actions are judged by intentions”) highlights the centrality of intention in ethical conduct. Similarly, Christianity’s doctrine of Imago Dei and Judaism’s concept of Tzelem Elohim affirm that human beings possess rationality as well as a profound moral and spiritual conscience. In Hinduism and Buddhism, concepts such as karma, consciousness, and ātman situate human actions within a broader spiritual and moral order in which awareness and intention are essential to ethical judgment. In contrast, artificial intelligence (AI) operates through data processing, algorithms, and computational logic, lacking consciousness, intentionality, and spiritual awareness qualities that are central to religious moral reasoning. Although AI systems can process vast amounts of information and generate efficient outcomes, their non-sentient and non-volitional nature raises important concerns regarding moral autonomy. This prompts critical questions: can decisions derived solely from data truly be regarded as moral? Can AI comprehend complex ethical distinctions such as justice and injustice, mercy and cruelty, or determine when compassion, flexibility, or strictness is ethically required? This study seeks to critically examine the relationship between religious ethical principles and artificial intelligence by exploring areas of tension, conflict, and potential harmony. Drawing upon core values shared across religious traditions, such as justice, mercy, intention, public welfare, and human dignity, it evaluates whether AI can operate within a religious ethical framework or whether its role must remain fundamentally limited. Through engagement with religious teachings, classical scholarship, and contemporary academic discourse, this paper also aims to encourage an interfaith dialogue capable of guiding the ethical development and application of AI in a manner consistent with enduring spiritual and human values.
Modern International Law: The Muslim Legacy (Contribution of Dr. M. Hamidullah)
International Law is a discipline whose foundational principles, as argued by several Muslim jurists, can be traced to early Islamic legal scholarship. Among the prominent scholars who systematically articulated this position was Muhammad Hamidullah (1908–2002), a distinguished Islamic jurist, historian, and researcher from the Indian subcontinent who later worked extensively in Europe, particularly in France. Trained in both traditional Islamic sciences and modern legal studies, Hamidullah made significant contributions to the study of Islamic international law (Siyar) by presenting it within the broader framework of contemporary international legal discourse. This paper argues that Hamidullah’s central contribution lies not merely in asserting the precedence of Islamic international law, but in systematically documenting, editing, translating, and critically analyzing classical sources of ‘Ilm al-Siyar to demonstrate its conceptual sophistication and historical depth. Through his numerous articles and books, Hamidullah highlighted the origins, principles, and development of ‘Ilm al-Siyar, explaining its legal doctrines concerning war, peace, treaties, diplomacy, and the rights of non-Muslims. He further examined its influence and relevance to modern international law. This study, therefore, examines Hamidullah’s intellectual project, evaluates his sources and methods, and assesses the significance of his work within the larger debate on the origins and development of international law. By placing Hamidullah’s scholarship in its proper academic and historical context, this paper demonstrates that his work represents a major attempt to reclaim the contribution of Islamic legal thought to the discipline of international law.
A Comparative Study of the Methodology and Style of Tafsīr Hidayat-ul-Qur’ān and Tafsīr Al-Qur’ān Al-Karīm
This study presents a comparative analysis of Tafsīr Hidayat-ul-Qur’ān and Tafsīr Al-Qur’ān Al-Karīm, focusing on their methodological approaches (manhaj) and interpretative styles (uslūb). Both tafsirs represent significant contributions to contemporary Qur’ānic exegesis, yet they differ in their intellectual orientation, sources of interpretation, and exegetical techniques. Tafsīr Hidayat-ul-Qur’ān is characterized by a reformative and socio-moral approach, emphasizing guidance, contemporary relevance, and thematic coherence. It tends to integrate modern issues with Qur’ānic teachings while maintaining a balance between traditional exegetical sources and rational reflection. Its style is relatively accessible, aiming to address both scholarly and general readership. In contrast, Tafsīr Al-Qur’ān Al-Karīm adopts a more classical and text-oriented methodology, with a stronger reliance on traditional sources such as Ḥadīth, earlier classical tafsirs, and linguistic analysis. Its interpretative style is more structured, detailed, and academically rigorous, often focusing on linguistic precision and juristic implications. The comparative analysis reveals that while both tafsirs aim to elucidate the divine message, they differ in their target audience, interpretive priorities, and methodological approach.
The Prophetic Methods of Utilizing Secret Information for the Protection of State
This study explores methodology of the prophet Muhammad (PBUH) about utilizing the secret information as the strategic and structured component of community protection and state-building in early Islam. The research highlights the ways of gathering the intelligence reports, controlling the information. The strategic secrecy which played a central role in ensuring the survival and expansion of the nascent Muslim community has also been explained. The study adopts a historical-analytical and qualitative approach. It draws upon classical Islamic sources to rebuild the patterns of security practices and information management. The findings reveal that the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) employed a perfect intelligence system which included various disclosures, among them coded communication, trustable informants, and decentralized information chains. Such measures were not only reactive but they formed a proactive security doctrine that aimed at preventing conflict, minimizing risk and enabling informed decision-making. The covert operations, migration strategies and diplomatic engagements further demonstrate a high level of situational awareness, planning, and adaptability. The study concludes that the Prophetic model elaborates a sophisticated framework of information utilization which integrates ethical considerations with strategic foresight. This model offers valuable insights for contemporary discussions on security, governance, and intelligence management within both religious and modern socio-political contexts.
The Role of Dialogue in Achieving Peace in Islam
This study examines the role of dialogue as a fundamental means of achieving peace and stability in Islam. It highlights those Islamic teachings establish a comprehensive and balanced approach that combines constructive dialogue, tolerance, and coexistence with firm measures against violence and corruption. The research analyses textual evidence from the Qur’ān, Prophetic traditions, and the practices of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), demonstrating that dialogue is not only a communicative tool but also a religious obligation in certain contexts. The study further explores how dialogue contributes to reducing conflicts, promoting mutual understanding, and building trust among individuals, communities, and nations. It emphasizes that Islam encourages engagement with others, including people of different religions based on shared values, respect, and justice. In contrast, the study also clarifies Islam’s strict prohibition of violence, extremism, and terrorism, presenting them as major threats to societal security. The findings reveal that the Islamic approach to peace is holistic, integrating prevention through dialogue and education, treatment through reform, and deterrence through legal measures. The study concludes that many contemporary conflicts and misconceptions about Islam stem from the absence of effective dialogue and the misrepresentation of Islamic teachings. Therefore, reviving the authentic Islamic model of dialogue is essential for fostering peace, stability, and global coexistence.
Negative Trends of Social Media in Pakistan, Judicial Evidence and Islamic Regulations: An Analytical Study
This research paper critically examines the increasing trend of indecent, frivolous, and purposeless content on social media platforms, with a special focus on TikTok, in the light of Quranic teachings. The study investigates how such platforms, while offering tools for creativity and communication have also become a source of moral decline, particularly among Muslim youth in Pakistan. Through a thematic analysis of selected popular TikTok videos and user behaviors, this paper evaluates the deviation from Islamic values such as modesty, purposefulness, and truthfulness. The research incorporates relevant verses of the Holy Qur’an to highlight the ethical principles that should govern public expression and digital content creation. This work aims to serve as a bridge between traditional Islamic morality and contemporary digital culture, guiding educators, parents, and youth towards a more purposeful and ethical presence online.
Algorithmic Ijtihād: Leveraging AI and Islamic Legal Theory to Mediate Conflict in a Multifaith Society
Pluralistic societies of the twenty-first century are faced with a twin challenge of protecting religious piety on the one hand and the nurturing of remote inter-communal relationship on the other. In this article, the Islamic process of independent legal reasoning called (ijtihād) is examined to determine how modern methods of artificial intelligence could enhance the process to produce artifacts of conflict mediation in context-sensing, transparent, and rapid tools that could be applied in the face of religious conflict involving different religions. Using the lessons of classical (uṣūl al- fiqh), we will begin by tracing the logic of decision making encountered historically by Muslim’s jurists as they attempted to pull into harmony the authority of the text and realities of action. Then we implement that reasoning in machine-readable ontologies and rule-based knowledge graphs, so that AI systems can interpolate that juristic multiplicity of opinion (ikhtilāf) and show areas of ethical accord with other religions and secular law groups. Most importantly, the article deals with possible pitfalls of data-bias, codification of dynamic interpretive practices as instance-of-how-it-was-then (as opposed to how-it-will-be-in-time), and the danger of de-legitimizing human scholars. In order to curb these anxieties, we recommend a mixed governance model under which outputs provided by AI would be in the style of advisory drafts open to scholarly review and community consultation (shūrā). In the end, it appears that algorithmic (ijtihād) is not a shortcut; rather, it is a practical-ethical course to a better nation spirit of amalgamation of religious faith and global peacebuilding.
An Analytical Study of the Role of Makhdoom Abdul Rashid Haqqani (d. 669 AH) in Promoting Spirituality, Islamic Culture and Values and Establishing Social Peace and Economic Balance in Multan
This research presents an analytical study of the pivotal role played by Hazrat Makhdoom Abdul Rashid Haqqani (d. 669 AH) in fostering spirituality, Islamic civilization, and values, as well as establishing social peace and economic balance in Multan. While Multan’s Islamic identity was initiated by Muḥammad bin Qāsim and later reinforced by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi, the region faced persistent spiritual instability and the rise of heterodox movements like the Qarmatians. The study highlights the historical turning point in 602 AH when Makhdoom Haqqani, a descendant of a noble scholarly lineage and cousin of Sheikh Bahauddin Zakariya, migrated from Kot Karor to Multan to provide a permanent spiritual foundation. Over seven decades, through the Qadirī Ṣūfī tradition, he effectively engaged both urban and rural populations, deeply embedding Islamic ethical values across all social strata. This paper specifically analyzes the uniqueness of his contributions to two critical societal pillars: the maintenance of communal harmony (social peace) and the promotion of economic equilibrium through Sufi-led social welfare. By examining his multifaceted legacy, the research concludes that Makhdoom Haqqani’s influence was fundamental in transforming Multan into the "City of Saints" and a resilient fortress of Islamic civilization in the subcontinent.
The Principles and Methodological Criteria of Mursal, Mu‘allaq and Mu‘ḍal Ḥadīth According to Shaykh Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī
In the preservation and critical understanding of the Prophetic Ḥadīth, the distinguished scholars of Ḥadīth engaged in extremely meticulous discussions regarding the continuity and discontinuity of chains of transmission. Based on the connection or disconnection within the chain (sanad), various categories of Ḥadīth were identified, among which mursal, mu‘allaq, and Mu‘ḍal narrations hold particular significance. Differences of opinion are found among the scholars of Ḥadīth regarding the acceptance or rejection of these types of reports. Shaykh Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī (may Allah have mercy upon him), who is widely recognized in the contemporary era as a reviver of the science of Ḥadīth, also established principles and guidelines concerning these categories according to his distinctive methodology. In accepting or rejecting mursal, mu‘allaq, and Mu‘ḍal narrations, he partially differed from the majority of Ḥadīth scholars and, on several occasions, adopted independent positions. This discussion aims to clarify the standards of authenticity, evidentiary value, and legal inference of these categories of Ḥadīth according to Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī, and to identify where his methodology aligns with the principles of the majority of scholars and where it diverges. In this chapter, we will attempt not only to understand Shaykh Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī’s methodology in light of primary and secondary sources, but also to analyze his practical applications and examples so that a clear framework of his principles regarding mursal, mu‘allaq, and Mu‘ḍal narrations may emerge.
Western Constructions of Islam after the Fall of Al-Andalus: A Historical, Intellectual and Civilizational Analysis
This paper critically investigates the reconfiguration of Western perceptions of Islam in the aftermath of the decline of Al-Andalus, situating this transformation within a comprehensive historical, intellectual, and civilizational framework. During the centuries of Muslim rule in Iberia, Islamic civilization played a pivotal role in shaping Europe’s intellectual and cultural landscape through significant contributions in science, philosophy, medicine, and the arts. However, the collapse of Al-Andalus marked not merely a political transition but a profound epistemic shift in the nature of Muslim Western relations. The study argues that Western representations of Islam increasingly transitioned from modes of intellectual exchange and coexistence to ideologically constructed narratives shaped by religious polemics, ecclesiastical authority, and emerging aspirations of political and civilizational dominance. It examines how the institutional role of the Church, the legacy of the Crusades, and the gradual emergence of proto-orientalist thought contributed to the systematic reimagining of Islam as the “Other” a civilization portrayed as inferior, regressive, and antithetical to progress. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the selective appropriation and marginalization of Islamic intellectual heritage within Western historiography, highlighting how Andalusian contributions were often absorbed into European narratives while their origins were obscured. It also considers the internal fractures within Muslim political and social structures that facilitated the decline, thereby enabling the West to assert ideological supremacy. By offering a critical reassessment of these historical processes, this study challenges reductionist and Eurocentric interpretations and underscores the enduring yet underacknowledged impact of Islamic civilization on the making of modern Europe. It concludes that many dominant Western perceptions of Islam are deeply rooted in historically contingent power structures, cultural contestation, and inherited intellectual biases rather than objective scholarly inquiry.
Dr. Israr Ahmed's Political Thoughts in the Light of Islamic Provisions of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973
Dr. Israr Ahmed's political philosophy emphasizes transformation of a Qur’ān-based Islamic state in Pakistan, with a presidential system tracing back to the early Islamic Caliphate. He believed Pakistan was created to serve as a role model Islamic state, implementing Sharia law and governance. His vision of Khilafat is deeply rooted in Qur’ānic principles, with a Caliph elected through mutual consultation advocated for Pakistan to be an Islamic state, with Shariah law governing all aspects of life. Non-Muslims would have protected minority status, with freedom to practice their faith and participate in governance, except in policy-making roles. He opposed popular sovereignty, arguing it contradicts Islamic teachings. His ideas are aligned with Pakistan's current constitutional framework, which incorporates Islamic provisions but allows for democratic governance and equal rights for non-Muslims. His philosophy emphasizes the need for Pakistan to align its governance with Islamic principles. Islamic Provisions are mentioned here with for better understanding.
A Principled and Methodological Study of the Objectives of Shariah in Tafsīr al-Kashshāf: An Analytical Review
Qur'anic injunctions are not merely a collection of literal commands; rather, they encompass profound divine wisdom, underlying interests, and ultimate goals, which are academically termed as the "Objectives of Shari'ah" (Maqasid al-Shari'ah). Allama Abu al-Qasim Mahmud bin Umar al-Zamakhshari’s (d. 538 AH) renowned exegesis, Tafsir al-Kashaf, holds a distinguished and elevated position in the history of Qur'anic interpretation due to its linguistic eloquence, grammatical depth, and rational argumentation. However, his methodological approach towards the Objectives of Shari'ah remains an under-explored area of research. This analytical study evaluates the extent to which Al-Zamakhshari incorporated the "Five Essentials" (Al-Dharuriyat al-Khams: the preservation of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property) in his comprehension of the Qur'an and the interpretation of divine injunctions. The research reveals that Zamakhshari's "concurrence" (اتفاق) with the objectives of Shari'ah is a direct outcome of his rationalist foundations and the Mu'tazilite principle of Divine Justice, where he successfully provides logical and societal justifications for Islamic laws. Conversely, manifestations of "avoidance" (اجتناب) or deviation from these objectives occur primarily when his overwhelming linguistic focus, deep grammatical immersion, or Mu'tazilite theological biases (such as debates on the createdness of the Qur'an or the denial of the Beatific Vision) overshadow the core legislative and moral intent of the text. Ultimately, this study offers a novel academic perspective for understanding the teleological approach (Maqasidi framework) within classical exegetical literature.
The Intellectual and Practical Position of Intention and Sincerity in the Seerah and the Formation of an Ideal Society in the Modern Era
The Seerah-e-Tayyeba represents a comprehensive intellectual and practical model of the life of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), offering timeless guidance for humanity in every era. The concept of Seerah is not limited to historical narration or biographical description; rather, it constitutes a complete system of life that shapes human thought, moral conduct, and social organization. Within this framework, intention (niyyah) and sincerity (ikhlāṣ) hold a central position, as intention forms the inner foundation of human action, while sincerity represents its spiritual essence. This study employs a descriptive research methodology to examine the intellectual and practical dimensions of intention and sincerity in the Seerah-e-Tayyaba, drawing upon Qur’ānic verses, Prophetic traditions (Aḥādīth), and authentic sīrah literature. The life of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) was entirely grounded in sincerity and the pursuit of divine pleasure. Major aspects of his mission, including the migration to Madinah, religious preaching, acts of worship, and struggle in the path of God, were free from personal or worldly motives, establishing his character as an eternal model of moral excellence. In the modern era, marked by materialism, self-interest, and superficial display, the principles of intention and sincerity acquire renewed significance. Their cultivation not only nurtures spiritual and ethical maturity at the individual level but also contributes to the formation of an ideal society based on justice, sacrifice, brotherhood, and equality. The study concludes that true success lies not in outward actions but in sincere intention and purposeful commitment.
Eradication of Poverty and Social Justice: A Shared Narrative of Abrahamic Faiths
This research article explores the profound ethical, social, and economic commonalities among the three Abrahamic faiths: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. The core of the study highlights that the scriptures and teachings of these religions place paramount importance on principles such as love, mercy, justice, and empathy. A central focus is given to the "Golden Rule" treating others as one would wish to be treated as a shared cornerstone across these traditions. In the realm of economic transactions, the study demonstrates a unified emphasis on integrity: Judaism’s insistence on business ethics, Christianity’s focus on fair trade, and Islam’s mandate for transparency in weights and measures. Furthermore, regarding prohibitions, the paper analyzes how all three faiths provide a collective moral framework against social evils like murder, theft, and oppression, exemplified by the 'Ten Commandments' and Qur’anic injunctions. The research concludes that these shared teachings are not merely spiritual guidelines but offer a robust foundation for building a just and peaceful society aimed at safeguarding human rights and alleviating socio-economic deprivation.
A Scientific Study on the Tradition of Ḥadīth Memorization and the Power of Memory
This research examines the tradition of Hadith memorization (Ḥifẓ al-Ḥadīth) through the lens of modern cognitive neuroscience and memory studies. The classical Muḥaddithūn developed sophisticated criteria for evaluating narrators, including the concept of ḍabṭ (precision), which encompasses attentional focus, auditory encoding, and long-term retention processes that contemporary neuroscience has only recently begun to understand. This study synthesizes evidence from neuroimaging research, EEG studies on Quran memorizers, and cognitive psychology to demonstrate that intensive memorization training enhances episodic memory, verbal recall, and auditory cortical plasticity. Key findings indicate that memorizers exhibit increased hippocampal volume, enhanced low-frequency brain wave activity during memory retrieval, and superior performance on visual memory tasks compared to non-memorizers. The research also explores the critical role of auditory encoding in long-term verbal memory formation, the neural mechanisms of attention in learning, and the parallels between the Muḥaddithūn’s concept of ḍabṭ and modern cognitive psychology’s understanding of memory consolidation. The study concludes that the ḥadīth tradition represents an empirically-grounded pedagogical system that aligns with contemporary scientific principles of effective memory formation.
Inter-civilizational and Intercultural Harmony and Integration: In the Light of the Seerah of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ
The concept of inter-civilizational and intercultural harmony has gained increasing importance in the modern world, characterized by diversity, globalization, and cultural interaction. This study examines the principles of harmony and integration as reflected in the life and teachings of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), presenting them as a comprehensive model for peaceful coexistence and mutual respect among different societies. The Prophetic biography provides practical examples of dialogue, tolerance, justice, and coexistence, particularly through historical developments such as the Constitution of Madinah, agreements with non-Muslim communities, and the Prophet’s interactions with diverse social groups. These examples illustrate a balanced approach that combines commitment to faith with respect for others, thereby establishing a sustainable framework for social harmony. From a philosophical perspective, the study argues that the Prophetic model promotes universal ethical values such as human dignity, justice, and compassion, which transcend cultural and civilizational differences. It also highlights that true integration does not require the loss of identity but encourages constructive engagement based on shared moral principles. The study concludes that the life and teachings of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) offer a timeless and practical model for fostering inter-civilizational and intercultural harmony, which can effectively address contemporary challenges such as conflict, intolerance, and social division.
Emergence of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah in Early Islamic Legal Thought
This article investigates the historical underpinnings of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah by following their development in early Islamic legal thought from the Qurʾānic context to the jurisprudential contributions of religious scholars. Although subsequent thinkers like al-Ghazālī and al-Shāṭibī are frequently linked to the systematic theory of maqāṣid. This study contends that purpose-oriented legal reasoning was already present, however subtly, in the fundamental texts of Islam and the early years of Islamic jurisprudence. The normative foundation for maqāṣid-based reasoning was established by the Prophetic Sunnah’s consideration of context and public interest, as well as the emphasis on justice, mercy, welfare, and the eradication of hardship. The paper also looks at how early jurists and uṣūl scholars approached ideas like legal causation (ʿillah), maṣlaḥah, and ḥikmah al-tashrīʿ. This leads to Imām al-Shāfīʿī’s methodological consolidation of legal principles in al-Risālah. The eventual development of maqāṣid theory was greatly inspired by al-Shāfīʿī’s structure of legal reasoning and balance between scriptural authority and logical inference, even though he did not explicitly express maqāṣid as an independent concept. This study challenges the idea that maqāṣid is a solely post-classical invention and emphasizes its deep roots in the early stages of Islamic law by placing it within its early historical and philosophical background.
The Concept of Religious Tolerance and Minority Rights: A Research-Based Study in the Light of Islamic Teachings
Islam is a religion that upholds human dignity and the sanctity of life. It guarantees that all citizens of an Islamic state, regardless of their faith, enjoy complete freedom in practicing their religion, without coercion or restriction. Islamic teachings emphasize the protection of rights for both Muslims and non-Muslims, ensuring that minority communities are treated with fairness, respect, and justice. The Qur’ān explicitly commands the protection of minority rights and instructs Muslims to uphold ethical conduct toward others, irrespective of faith. The moral framework in Islam promotes equality and human dignity, requiring Muslims to treat non-Muslims with kindness and justice. Historical examples from the Prophetic era demonstrate that non-Muslim captives were provided food and assistance in times of need, illustrating the practical application of religious tolerance. Islam safeguards the life, property, honor, privacy, religious practice, and social rights of minorities, allowing them to live according to their own beliefs while contributing to the broader society. This study critically examines the principles of Islamic social governance regarding religious minorities, exploring Qur’ānic verses and Prophetic traditions that support tolerance, freedom of religion, and minority rights. It further analyzes the ethical and legal mechanisms established to ensure coexistence, social harmony, and protection of minority communities. The research concludes that Islamic teachings provide a comprehensive framework for protecting minority rights, emphasizing justice, compassion, and moral responsibility, which are essential for building inclusive and harmonious societies.
The Sanctification of Parental Decisions and the Psychological Distress of Children: An Academic Analysis of a Social Fallacy
This study critically examines the socio-religious construct of the "sanctity of parental decisions" and its correlation with psychological anxiety among offspring in contemporary Pakistan. Methodologically, the research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing thematic analysis of classical fatwa literature and Qur’ānic exegesis (tafsīr) alongside contemporary psychological literature. The study analyzes how traditional interpretations often conflate the Qur’ānic mandate of Iḥsān (benevolence) with absolute parental infallibility. By drawing on primary sources from Uṣūl al-Fiqh and classical juristic discourse and secondary data from behavioral psychology, the research identifies a significant "epistemological gap" in current family discourse. The findings demonstrate that the lack of bilateral communication and the suppression of individual agency are not merely social issues but are rooted in a "social fallacy" that misrepresents divine ethics. The conclusion asserts that resolving the Youth Identity Crisis requires a transition from "blind sanctity" to a Normative Ethical Framework of mutual respect (Muwadda). It specifically recommends that Islamic family counseling models must integrate the concept of "Individual Agency" (Ahl-ul-Ikhtiyār) to mitigate Intergenerational Conflict. This recalibration is essential for fostering a psychologically resilient generation and a balanced family structure in accordance with the higher objectives (Maqāṣid) of Sharīʻah.
A Comparative Study of the Allegorical Style of the Holy Qur’ān and the Four Gospels
This research study explores the shared and distinct ways the Quran and the Gospels use parables to bridge the gap between complex spiritual truths and everyday human understanding. While both scriptures employ simple, relatable metaphors to inspire moral reform and a sense of divine accountability, their scope and structural intent differ significantly. The Gospels primarily focus on the narrative and storytelling tradition, aiming to refine the individual’s inner spiritual life and personal ethics. In contrast, the Quranic parables function as part of a more comprehensive "system of life," weaving moral lessons together with clear legal, social, and political principles intended to govern both the individual and the state. Ultimately, the study highlights that while the parable is a universal divine tool for guidance, the Quran uses it to build an all-encompassing social framework, whereas the Gospels use it as a profound mirror for the human soul.
Modern Halal Food: Islamic Ethics, Global Standards, and Emerging Challenges
The global halal food system has become a central concern for religiously observant consumers, policymakers, and multinational food corporations. Halal, as defined in Islamic jurisprudence, encompasses not only dietary prohibitions but also broader ethical considerations such as animal welfare, cleanliness, and the integrity of the supply chain. In an era of globalization, industrial-scale food production, and complex international trade networks, maintaining the authenticity of halal products presents multifaceted challenges. This paper critically examines the principles of halal from both classical Islamic sources and contemporary interpretations, highlighting their practical application in modern food processing, certification, and distribution. The study explores the diverse frameworks of halal certification across different countries, revealing significant variations in standards, auditing processes, and consumer trust mechanisms. It analyzes case studies from both Muslim-majority and non-Muslim-majority regions, demonstrating how cultural, regulatory, and economic factors influence the implementation of halal standards. Furthermore, the paper addresses contemporary challenges such as traceability in global supply chains, fraud prevention, technological integration in halal verification, and consumer awareness in a rapidly evolving market. The ethical dimensions of halal consumption are emphasized, linking religious compliance with broader objectives of sustainability, social responsibility, and public health. Finally, this research provides strategic recommendations for policymakers, certification bodies, and industry stakeholders. By harmonizing international halal standards, leveraging technological innovations for supply chain transparency, and promoting awareness among consumers, the global halal food ecosystem can achieve greater credibility, efficiency, and sustainability. The paper underscores that the halal food system is not merely a religious requirement but also a framework for ethical, sustainable, and socially responsible consumption in the contemporary world.
The Qur’ān as Fully Allegorical Revelation: An Analytical Study of Principled Opinions
One of the significant attributes of the Qurʾān is tashābuh (تشابہ), which has been mentioned in various contexts within the Qurʾān itself. When this term is applied to the Qurʾān, its meaning extends beyond a merely lexical sense and encompasses entire verses. This naturally raises an important question: what does it mean to describe the Qurʾān as mutashābih, and in what sense does this attribute apply to it? While at one place the Qurʾān categorizes some of its verses as muḥkam and others as mutashābih, at another it refers to the whole Qurʾān as kitāban mutashābihan)’(کتاباً متشابھا. This apparent variation may give rise to the problem of whether tashābuh is a partial attribute of the Qurʾān or a universal one. If it is universal, what then is its precise implication? Does this characterization suggest an inherent ambiguity in the overall meaning of the Qurʾān, or does it point toward a different underlying reality? To address this fundamental question, the present study first examines the classification of muḥkam and mutashābih verses, and then analyzes the views of classical exegetes (mufassirūn) and scholars of ʿulūm al-Qurʾān regarding the notion of the Qurʾān as entirely mutashābih.
The Baloch Nation and Balochistan as Bab-ul-Islam: Geographical and Political Perspectives
This study examines the Baloch nation and Balochistan with a focus on its geographical and political background, as well as its historical role as Bab-ul-Islam. It explores the origin of the term “Baloch” through various historical interpretations, highlighting the diversity of scholarly opinions regarding its etymology and ethnic roots. The research also traces the historical evolution of Balochistan as a region, emphasizing its strategic location across present-day Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan, and its geographical and economic significance. Furthermore, it analyzes the importance of Makran as a key route for the early arrival and spread of Islam into South Asia. The study concludes that Balochistan served as an important gateway for Islamic expansion, where the process of Islamization was gradual and marked by resistance, unlike the relatively rapid conquest of Sindh under Muhammad ibn Qasim. Overall, Balochistan holds a significant place in the historical, political, and religious landscape of the region.
Reassessing D. S. Margoliouth’s Perspective on the Inheritance Dispute of Fatimah (RA) and the Position of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (RA)
Margoliouth is considered one of the prominent orientalists. He has authored several books on Islam, one of which is The Early Development of Mohammedanism. In this book, he raises various allegations and questions against Islam and its sources, for example, the sequence of the surahs in the Qur’ān, the biography of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), the rules of warfare in Islam, and the Islamic tax system. Similarly, he levels an allegation against Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (R.A.), claiming that Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) deprived Hazrat Fatimah (R.A.) of her inheritance in order to take revenge for an insult his daughter had allegedly suffered a year earlier. However, he does not mention the details of that alleged insult. Since this opinion of Margoliouth could create misunderstandings regarding Abu Bakr R.A, it is important to examine his claim so that the real facts can be clarified. Margoliouth’s objection appears to be either based on a misunderstanding or deliberately presented in a misleading manner. Considering the depth of his study, it is unlikely that the facts were unknown to him. In this paper, the facts regarding this matter will be presented in the light of Islamic teachings, demonstrating that Margoliouth’s objection is unfounded.