Al-Mithaq ( Research Journal of Islamic Theology)
Al-Mīthāq (Research Journal of Islamic Theology) ISSN: 2791-0989 (P), 2791-0997 (E) is a tri-lingual (Urdu, English and Arabic), Double-Blind Peer-Reviewed, Open access, Quarterly Research Journal, is published by Hira Institute of Social Sciences Research & Development. In this journal different aspects of Islamic theology and their impact on Muslim world are discussed.
Hira Institute of Social Science Research & Development
Algorithmic Ijtihād: Leveraging AI and Islamic Legal Theory to Mediate Conflict in a Multifaith Society
Pluralistic societies of the twenty-first century are faced with a twin challenge of protecting religious piety on the one hand and the nurturing of remote inter-communal relationship on the other. In this article, the Islamic process of independent legal reasoning called (ijtihād) is examined to determine how modern methods of artificial intelligence could enhance the process to produce artifacts of conflict mediation in context-sensing, transparent, and rapid tools that could be applied in the face of religious conflict involving different religions. Using the lessons of classical (uṣūl al- fiqh), we will begin by tracing the logic of decision making encountered historically by Muslim’s jurists as they attempted to pull into harmony the authority of the text and realities of action. Then we implement that reasoning in machine-readable ontologies and rule-based knowledge graphs, so that AI systems can interpolate that juristic multiplicity of opinion (ikhtilāf) and show areas of ethical accord with other religions and secular law groups. Most importantly, the article deals with possible pitfalls of data-bias, codification of dynamic interpretive practices as instance-of-how-it-was-then (as opposed to how-it-will-be-in-time), and the danger of de-legitimizing human scholars. In order to curb these anxieties, we recommend a mixed governance model under which outputs provided by AI would be in the style of advisory drafts open to scholarly review and community consultation (shūrā). In the end, it appears that algorithmic (ijtihād) is not a shortcut; rather, it is a practical-ethical course to a better nation spirit of amalgamation of religious faith and global peacebuilding.
An Analytical Study of the Role of Makhdoom Abdul Rashid Haqqani (d. 669 AH) in Promoting Spirituality, Islamic Culture and Values and Establishing Social Peace and Economic Balance in Multan
This research presents an analytical study of the pivotal role played by Hazrat Makhdoom Abdul Rashid Haqqani (d. 669 AH) in fostering spirituality, Islamic civilization, and values, as well as establishing social peace and economic balance in Multan. While Multan’s Islamic identity was initiated by Muḥammad bin Qāsim and later reinforced by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi, the region faced persistent spiritual instability and the rise of heterodox movements like the Qarmatians. The study highlights the historical turning point in 602 AH when Makhdoom Haqqani, a descendant of a noble scholarly lineage and cousin of Sheikh Bahauddin Zakariya, migrated from Kot Karor to Multan to provide a permanent spiritual foundation. Over seven decades, through the Qadirī Ṣūfī tradition, he effectively engaged both urban and rural populations, deeply embedding Islamic ethical values across all social strata. This paper specifically analyzes the uniqueness of his contributions to two critical societal pillars: the maintenance of communal harmony (social peace) and the promotion of economic equilibrium through Sufi-led social welfare. By examining his multifaceted legacy, the research concludes that Makhdoom Haqqani’s influence was fundamental in transforming Multan into the "City of Saints" and a resilient fortress of Islamic civilization in the subcontinent.
The Principles and Methodological Criteria of Mursal, Mu‘allaq and Mu‘ḍal Ḥadīth According to Shaykh Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī
In the preservation and critical understanding of the Prophetic Ḥadīth, the distinguished scholars of Ḥadīth engaged in extremely meticulous discussions regarding the continuity and discontinuity of chains of transmission. Based on the connection or disconnection within the chain (sanad), various categories of Ḥadīth were identified, among which mursal, mu‘allaq, and Mu‘ḍal narrations hold particular significance. Differences of opinion are found among the scholars of Ḥadīth regarding the acceptance or rejection of these types of reports. Shaykh Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī (may Allah have mercy upon him), who is widely recognized in the contemporary era as a reviver of the science of Ḥadīth, also established principles and guidelines concerning these categories according to his distinctive methodology. In accepting or rejecting mursal, mu‘allaq, and Mu‘ḍal narrations, he partially differed from the majority of Ḥadīth scholars and, on several occasions, adopted independent positions. This discussion aims to clarify the standards of authenticity, evidentiary value, and legal inference of these categories of Ḥadīth according to Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī, and to identify where his methodology aligns with the principles of the majority of scholars and where it diverges. In this chapter, we will attempt not only to understand Shaykh Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī’s methodology in light of primary and secondary sources, but also to analyze his practical applications and examples so that a clear framework of his principles regarding mursal, mu‘allaq, and Mu‘ḍal narrations may emerge.
Western Constructions of Islam after the Fall of Al-Andalus: A Historical, Intellectual and Civilizational Analysis
This paper critically investigates the reconfiguration of Western perceptions of Islam in the aftermath of the decline of Al-Andalus, situating this transformation within a comprehensive historical, intellectual, and civilizational framework. During the centuries of Muslim rule in Iberia, Islamic civilization played a pivotal role in shaping Europe’s intellectual and cultural landscape through significant contributions in science, philosophy, medicine, and the arts. However, the collapse of Al-Andalus marked not merely a political transition but a profound epistemic shift in the nature of Muslim Western relations. The study argues that Western representations of Islam increasingly transitioned from modes of intellectual exchange and coexistence to ideologically constructed narratives shaped by religious polemics, ecclesiastical authority, and emerging aspirations of political and civilizational dominance. It examines how the institutional role of the Church, the legacy of the Crusades, and the gradual emergence of proto-orientalist thought contributed to the systematic reimagining of Islam as the “Other” a civilization portrayed as inferior, regressive, and antithetical to progress. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the selective appropriation and marginalization of Islamic intellectual heritage within Western historiography, highlighting how Andalusian contributions were often absorbed into European narratives while their origins were obscured. It also considers the internal fractures within Muslim political and social structures that facilitated the decline, thereby enabling the West to assert ideological supremacy. By offering a critical reassessment of these historical processes, this study challenges reductionist and Eurocentric interpretations and underscores the enduring yet underacknowledged impact of Islamic civilization on the making of modern Europe. It concludes that many dominant Western perceptions of Islam are deeply rooted in historically contingent power structures, cultural contestation, and inherited intellectual biases rather than objective scholarly inquiry.
Dr. Israr Ahmed's Political Thoughts in the Light of Islamic Provisions of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973
Dr. Israr Ahmed's political philosophy emphasizes transformation of a Qur’ān-based Islamic state in Pakistan, with a presidential system tracing back to the early Islamic Caliphate. He believed Pakistan was created to serve as a role model Islamic state, implementing Sharia law and governance. His vision of Khilafat is deeply rooted in Qur’ānic principles, with a Caliph elected through mutual consultation advocated for Pakistan to be an Islamic state, with Shariah law governing all aspects of life. Non-Muslims would have protected minority status, with freedom to practice their faith and participate in governance, except in policy-making roles. He opposed popular sovereignty, arguing it contradicts Islamic teachings. His ideas are aligned with Pakistan's current constitutional framework, which incorporates Islamic provisions but allows for democratic governance and equal rights for non-Muslims. His philosophy emphasizes the need for Pakistan to align its governance with Islamic principles. Islamic Provisions are mentioned here with for better understanding.
A Principled and Methodological Study of the Objectives of Shariah in Tafsīr al-Kashshāf: An Analytical Review
Qur'anic injunctions are not merely a collection of literal commands; rather, they encompass profound divine wisdom, underlying interests, and ultimate goals, which are academically termed as the "Objectives of Shari'ah" (Maqasid al-Shari'ah). Allama Abu al-Qasim Mahmud bin Umar al-Zamakhshari’s (d. 538 AH) renowned exegesis, Tafsir al-Kashaf, holds a distinguished and elevated position in the history of Qur'anic interpretation due to its linguistic eloquence, grammatical depth, and rational argumentation. However, his methodological approach towards the Objectives of Shari'ah remains an under-explored area of research. This analytical study evaluates the extent to which Al-Zamakhshari incorporated the "Five Essentials" (Al-Dharuriyat al-Khams: the preservation of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property) in his comprehension of the Qur'an and the interpretation of divine injunctions. The research reveals that Zamakhshari's "concurrence" (اتفاق) with the objectives of Shari'ah is a direct outcome of his rationalist foundations and the Mu'tazilite principle of Divine Justice, where he successfully provides logical and societal justifications for Islamic laws. Conversely, manifestations of "avoidance" (اجتناب) or deviation from these objectives occur primarily when his overwhelming linguistic focus, deep grammatical immersion, or Mu'tazilite theological biases (such as debates on the createdness of the Qur'an or the denial of the Beatific Vision) overshadow the core legislative and moral intent of the text. Ultimately, this study offers a novel academic perspective for understanding the teleological approach (Maqasidi framework) within classical exegetical literature.
The Intellectual and Practical Position of Intention and Sincerity in the Seerah and the Formation of an Ideal Society in the Modern Era
The Seerah-e-Tayyeba represents a comprehensive intellectual and practical model of the life of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), offering timeless guidance for humanity in every era. The concept of Seerah is not limited to historical narration or biographical description; rather, it constitutes a complete system of life that shapes human thought, moral conduct, and social organization. Within this framework, intention (niyyah) and sincerity (ikhlāṣ) hold a central position, as intention forms the inner foundation of human action, while sincerity represents its spiritual essence. This study employs a descriptive research methodology to examine the intellectual and practical dimensions of intention and sincerity in the Seerah-e-Tayyaba, drawing upon Qur’ānic verses, Prophetic traditions (Aḥādīth), and authentic sīrah literature. The life of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) was entirely grounded in sincerity and the pursuit of divine pleasure. Major aspects of his mission, including the migration to Madinah, religious preaching, acts of worship, and struggle in the path of God, were free from personal or worldly motives, establishing his character as an eternal model of moral excellence. In the modern era, marked by materialism, self-interest, and superficial display, the principles of intention and sincerity acquire renewed significance. Their cultivation not only nurtures spiritual and ethical maturity at the individual level but also contributes to the formation of an ideal society based on justice, sacrifice, brotherhood, and equality. The study concludes that true success lies not in outward actions but in sincere intention and purposeful commitment.
Eradication of Poverty and Social Justice: A Shared Narrative of Abrahamic Faiths
This research article explores the profound ethical, social, and economic commonalities among the three Abrahamic faiths: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. The core of the study highlights that the scriptures and teachings of these religions place paramount importance on principles such as love, mercy, justice, and empathy. A central focus is given to the "Golden Rule" treating others as one would wish to be treated as a shared cornerstone across these traditions. In the realm of economic transactions, the study demonstrates a unified emphasis on integrity: Judaism’s insistence on business ethics, Christianity’s focus on fair trade, and Islam’s mandate for transparency in weights and measures. Furthermore, regarding prohibitions, the paper analyzes how all three faiths provide a collective moral framework against social evils like murder, theft, and oppression, exemplified by the 'Ten Commandments' and Qur’anic injunctions. The research concludes that these shared teachings are not merely spiritual guidelines but offer a robust foundation for building a just and peaceful society aimed at safeguarding human rights and alleviating socio-economic deprivation.
A Scientific Study on the Tradition of Ḥadīth Memorization and the Power of Memory
This research examines the tradition of Hadith memorization (Ḥifẓ al-Ḥadīth) through the lens of modern cognitive neuroscience and memory studies. The classical Muḥaddithūn developed sophisticated criteria for evaluating narrators, including the concept of ḍabṭ (precision), which encompasses attentional focus, auditory encoding, and long-term retention processes that contemporary neuroscience has only recently begun to understand. This study synthesizes evidence from neuroimaging research, EEG studies on Quran memorizers, and cognitive psychology to demonstrate that intensive memorization training enhances episodic memory, verbal recall, and auditory cortical plasticity. Key findings indicate that memorizers exhibit increased hippocampal volume, enhanced low-frequency brain wave activity during memory retrieval, and superior performance on visual memory tasks compared to non-memorizers. The research also explores the critical role of auditory encoding in long-term verbal memory formation, the neural mechanisms of attention in learning, and the parallels between the Muḥaddithūn’s concept of ḍabṭ and modern cognitive psychology’s understanding of memory consolidation. The study concludes that the ḥadīth tradition represents an empirically-grounded pedagogical system that aligns with contemporary scientific principles of effective memory formation.
Inter-civilizational and Intercultural Harmony and Integration: In the Light of the Seerah of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ
The concept of inter-civilizational and intercultural harmony has gained increasing importance in the modern world, characterized by diversity, globalization, and cultural interaction. This study examines the principles of harmony and integration as reflected in the life and teachings of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), presenting them as a comprehensive model for peaceful coexistence and mutual respect among different societies. The Prophetic biography provides practical examples of dialogue, tolerance, justice, and coexistence, particularly through historical developments such as the Constitution of Madinah, agreements with non-Muslim communities, and the Prophet’s interactions with diverse social groups. These examples illustrate a balanced approach that combines commitment to faith with respect for others, thereby establishing a sustainable framework for social harmony. From a philosophical perspective, the study argues that the Prophetic model promotes universal ethical values such as human dignity, justice, and compassion, which transcend cultural and civilizational differences. It also highlights that true integration does not require the loss of identity but encourages constructive engagement based on shared moral principles. The study concludes that the life and teachings of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) offer a timeless and practical model for fostering inter-civilizational and intercultural harmony, which can effectively address contemporary challenges such as conflict, intolerance, and social division.
Emergence of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah in Early Islamic Legal Thought
This article investigates the historical underpinnings of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah by following their development in early Islamic legal thought from the Qurʾānic context to the jurisprudential contributions of religious scholars. Although subsequent thinkers like al-Ghazālī and al-Shāṭibī are frequently linked to the systematic theory of maqāṣid. This study contends that purpose-oriented legal reasoning was already present, however subtly, in the fundamental texts of Islam and the early years of Islamic jurisprudence. The normative foundation for maqāṣid-based reasoning was established by the Prophetic Sunnah’s consideration of context and public interest, as well as the emphasis on justice, mercy, welfare, and the eradication of hardship. The paper also looks at how early jurists and uṣūl scholars approached ideas like legal causation (ʿillah), maṣlaḥah, and ḥikmah al-tashrīʿ. This leads to Imām al-Shāfīʿī’s methodological consolidation of legal principles in al-Risālah. The eventual development of maqāṣid theory was greatly inspired by al-Shāfīʿī’s structure of legal reasoning and balance between scriptural authority and logical inference, even though he did not explicitly express maqāṣid as an independent concept. This study challenges the idea that maqāṣid is a solely post-classical invention and emphasizes its deep roots in the early stages of Islamic law by placing it within its early historical and philosophical background.
The Concept of Religious Tolerance and Minority Rights: A Research-Based Study in the Light of Islamic Teachings
Islam is a religion that upholds human dignity and the sanctity of life. It guarantees that all citizens of an Islamic state, regardless of their faith, enjoy complete freedom in practicing their religion, without coercion or restriction. Islamic teachings emphasize the protection of rights for both Muslims and non-Muslims, ensuring that minority communities are treated with fairness, respect, and justice. The Qur’ān explicitly commands the protection of minority rights and instructs Muslims to uphold ethical conduct toward others, irrespective of faith. The moral framework in Islam promotes equality and human dignity, requiring Muslims to treat non-Muslims with kindness and justice. Historical examples from the Prophetic era demonstrate that non-Muslim captives were provided food and assistance in times of need, illustrating the practical application of religious tolerance. Islam safeguards the life, property, honor, privacy, religious practice, and social rights of minorities, allowing them to live according to their own beliefs while contributing to the broader society. This study critically examines the principles of Islamic social governance regarding religious minorities, exploring Qur’ānic verses and Prophetic traditions that support tolerance, freedom of religion, and minority rights. It further analyzes the ethical and legal mechanisms established to ensure coexistence, social harmony, and protection of minority communities. The research concludes that Islamic teachings provide a comprehensive framework for protecting minority rights, emphasizing justice, compassion, and moral responsibility, which are essential for building inclusive and harmonious societies.
The Sanctification of Parental Decisions and the Psychological Distress of Children: An Academic Analysis of a Social Fallacy
This study critically examines the socio-religious construct of the "sanctity of parental decisions" and its correlation with psychological anxiety among offspring in contemporary Pakistan. Methodologically, the research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing thematic analysis of classical fatwa literature and Qur’ānic exegesis (tafsīr) alongside contemporary psychological literature. The study analyzes how traditional interpretations often conflate the Qur’ānic mandate of Iḥsān (benevolence) with absolute parental infallibility. By drawing on primary sources from Uṣūl al-Fiqh and classical juristic discourse and secondary data from behavioral psychology, the research identifies a significant "epistemological gap" in current family discourse. The findings demonstrate that the lack of bilateral communication and the suppression of individual agency are not merely social issues but are rooted in a "social fallacy" that misrepresents divine ethics. The conclusion asserts that resolving the Youth Identity Crisis requires a transition from "blind sanctity" to a Normative Ethical Framework of mutual respect (Muwadda). It specifically recommends that Islamic family counseling models must integrate the concept of "Individual Agency" (Ahl-ul-Ikhtiyār) to mitigate Intergenerational Conflict. This recalibration is essential for fostering a psychologically resilient generation and a balanced family structure in accordance with the higher objectives (Maqāṣid) of Sharīʻah.
A Comparative Study of the Allegorical Style of the Holy Qur’ān and the Four Gospels
This research study explores the shared and distinct ways the Quran and the Gospels use parables to bridge the gap between complex spiritual truths and everyday human understanding. While both scriptures employ simple, relatable metaphors to inspire moral reform and a sense of divine accountability, their scope and structural intent differ significantly. The Gospels primarily focus on the narrative and storytelling tradition, aiming to refine the individual’s inner spiritual life and personal ethics. In contrast, the Quranic parables function as part of a more comprehensive "system of life," weaving moral lessons together with clear legal, social, and political principles intended to govern both the individual and the state. Ultimately, the study highlights that while the parable is a universal divine tool for guidance, the Quran uses it to build an all-encompassing social framework, whereas the Gospels use it as a profound mirror for the human soul.
Modern Halal Food: Islamic Ethics, Global Standards, and Emerging Challenges
The global halal food system has become a central concern for religiously observant consumers, policymakers, and multinational food corporations. Halal, as defined in Islamic jurisprudence, encompasses not only dietary prohibitions but also broader ethical considerations such as animal welfare, cleanliness, and the integrity of the supply chain. In an era of globalization, industrial-scale food production, and complex international trade networks, maintaining the authenticity of halal products presents multifaceted challenges. This paper critically examines the principles of halal from both classical Islamic sources and contemporary interpretations, highlighting their practical application in modern food processing, certification, and distribution. The study explores the diverse frameworks of halal certification across different countries, revealing significant variations in standards, auditing processes, and consumer trust mechanisms. It analyzes case studies from both Muslim-majority and non-Muslim-majority regions, demonstrating how cultural, regulatory, and economic factors influence the implementation of halal standards. Furthermore, the paper addresses contemporary challenges such as traceability in global supply chains, fraud prevention, technological integration in halal verification, and consumer awareness in a rapidly evolving market. The ethical dimensions of halal consumption are emphasized, linking religious compliance with broader objectives of sustainability, social responsibility, and public health. Finally, this research provides strategic recommendations for policymakers, certification bodies, and industry stakeholders. By harmonizing international halal standards, leveraging technological innovations for supply chain transparency, and promoting awareness among consumers, the global halal food ecosystem can achieve greater credibility, efficiency, and sustainability. The paper underscores that the halal food system is not merely a religious requirement but also a framework for ethical, sustainable, and socially responsible consumption in the contemporary world.
The Qur’ān as Fully Allegorical Revelation: An Analytical Study of Principled Opinions
One of the significant attributes of the Qurʾān is tashābuh (تشابہ), which has been mentioned in various contexts within the Qurʾān itself. When this term is applied to the Qurʾān, its meaning extends beyond a merely lexical sense and encompasses entire verses. This naturally raises an important question: what does it mean to describe the Qurʾān as mutashābih, and in what sense does this attribute apply to it? While at one place the Qurʾān categorizes some of its verses as muḥkam and others as mutashābih, at another it refers to the whole Qurʾān as kitāban mutashābihan)’(کتاباً متشابھا. This apparent variation may give rise to the problem of whether tashābuh is a partial attribute of the Qurʾān or a universal one. If it is universal, what then is its precise implication? Does this characterization suggest an inherent ambiguity in the overall meaning of the Qurʾān, or does it point toward a different underlying reality? To address this fundamental question, the present study first examines the classification of muḥkam and mutashābih verses, and then analyzes the views of classical exegetes (mufassirūn) and scholars of ʿulūm al-Qurʾān regarding the notion of the Qurʾān as entirely mutashābih.
The Baloch Nation and Balochistan as Bab-ul-Islam: Geographical and Political Perspectives
This study examines the Baloch nation and Balochistan with a focus on its geographical and political background, as well as its historical role as Bab-ul-Islam. It explores the origin of the term “Baloch” through various historical interpretations, highlighting the diversity of scholarly opinions regarding its etymology and ethnic roots. The research also traces the historical evolution of Balochistan as a region, emphasizing its strategic location across present-day Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan, and its geographical and economic significance. Furthermore, it analyzes the importance of Makran as a key route for the early arrival and spread of Islam into South Asia. The study concludes that Balochistan served as an important gateway for Islamic expansion, where the process of Islamization was gradual and marked by resistance, unlike the relatively rapid conquest of Sindh under Muhammad ibn Qasim. Overall, Balochistan holds a significant place in the historical, political, and religious landscape of the region.
Reassessing D. S. Margoliouth’s Perspective on the Inheritance Dispute of Fatimah (RA) and the Position of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (RA)
Margoliouth is considered one of the prominent orientalists. He has authored several books on Islam, one of which is The Early Development of Mohammedanism. In this book, he raises various allegations and questions against Islam and its sources, for example, the sequence of the surahs in the Qur’ān, the biography of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), the rules of warfare in Islam, and the Islamic tax system. Similarly, he levels an allegation against Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (R.A.), claiming that Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A.) deprived Hazrat Fatimah (R.A.) of her inheritance in order to take revenge for an insult his daughter had allegedly suffered a year earlier. However, he does not mention the details of that alleged insult. Since this opinion of Margoliouth could create misunderstandings regarding Abu Bakr R.A, it is important to examine his claim so that the real facts can be clarified. Margoliouth’s objection appears to be either based on a misunderstanding or deliberately presented in a misleading manner. Considering the depth of his study, it is unlikely that the facts were unknown to him. In this paper, the facts regarding this matter will be presented in the light of Islamic teachings, demonstrating that Margoliouth’s objection is unfounded.
The Concept of Religious Excess (Ghulu) in the Qur’ān: A Comparative Exegetical Study
The conceptual framework of "Ghulu" (Religious Excess/Extremism) holds a strategic position within theological discourse, directly impacting the stability, peace, and welfare of faith-based societies. Ghulu represents a cognitive and practical deviation from the balanced path of religion, leading into the abyss of extremism. This research paper provides a comprehensive scholarly investigation into the phenomenon of Ghulu through the lens of two pivotal Quranic verses: Surah An-Nisa (171) and Surah Al-Ma'idah (77). By synthesizing the insights of classical commentators such as Imam al-Tabari, Imam al-Maturidi, and Imam al-Razi with modern scholars like Rashid Rida and Ibn Ashur, this study constructs an authoritative exegetical framework. The primary focus of this research is the historical deviation of the "Ahl-e-Kitab" (People of the Book), which the Quran characterizes as Ghulu. The study evaluates how the Christians engaged in "Ifraat" (Excess) by deifying Jesus (A.S) beyond his status as a servant of God, while the Jews engaged in "Tafreet" (deficiency) through unjustified degradation and denial of his prophethood. The exegetical review demonstrates that Ghulu is not merely a theoretical debate but a primary driver of "Fasād fi’l-Arḍ" (corruption on earth), which led to the destruction of previous nations. Employing an exegetical and comparative methodology, the paper explores linguistic roots and theological complexities. The findings underscore the necessity of adhering to "Haneefiyat-e-Samha" (The Easy Monotheism) and the "Middle Path" (Iqtisad) to navigate 21st-century challenges. The synthesis of diverse scholarly views reveals that religious moderation is the only safeguard against intellectual chaos and social disintegration. The paper concludes by suggesting that educational and religious institutions must integrate the prevention of extremism into their core curricula to foster a balanced society.
Cultural Background of Islamic Architecture: A Brief Overview
There is no doubt that there is no corner of civilization in which Muslims have not made significant progress. But most of his accomplishments are reflected in the architecture and its supporting arts. The one and a half thousand-year history of Islam is in fact the history of the rise of Islamic architecture. Muslims decorated a large part of the world with beautiful buildings in different periods of their rule. Thus, at different times, Islamic architecture took different forms. Among them, there is diversity due to the differences in the country and the buildings, which is due to the climate, environment and construction issues of this country. But despite this, there is unity and continuity in Islamic architecture. This is a feature of Islamic civilization. In spite of their diversity, Islamic civilization has allowed fusion in all of them, which we call Islamic colors. And the basic element of this unity was the Islamic faith which united the different nations in this one faith. Due to which, whatever religious buildings are built in any part of the world in the future, they are all the same, which was not affected by time and distance. Every building has its own uniqueness. These Islamic buildings have a deep Muslim imprint. This is due to the architectural style and decorative carvings of these buildings and these carvings have a spiritual aspect which has its own distinct identity of Islamic architecture. At the same time, it is a valuable asset that still reflects Islamic civilization. In our article, we have examined this unity of Islamic architecture in a cultural context.
The Concept of Ummah in the Seerah: From a Tribal Society to a Global Brotherhood
Ummah is one of the most radical social concepts that were launched in the Prophetic age. The society in pre-Islamic Arabia was tribal in nature as tribal loyalties were predominant in the society and tribal concerns were at times more significant than ideas of justice, cohesiveness, and communal accountability. These tribal groupings often led to a long-term conflict and social disintegration. With the rise of Islam and its leader Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), the new system was established, which substituted the exclusiveness of tribal nature with the unity of the community founded on faith, moral duty, and mutual support. This paper investigates the evolution of the Ummah concept within the Seerah and how the Prophet was able to achieve the conversion of a disunited tribal society into a single society with the spirit of brotherhood and mutual values. The qualitative analysis of the Qur’ān, the Ḥadīth, and the classical Seerah sources presented in the research point to the important historical developments like the Hijrah, the establishment of brotherhood in the Muhājirūn and the Anṣār and the creation of the Constitution of Madinah. The results show that Prophetic model transformed social identity to accentuate equality, justice, and spiritual unity beyond tribal and ethnic division. The paper concludes that the understanding of Ummah remains helpful in achieving unity and collaboration among the world Muslim population.
Physical and Psychological Harm as Grounds for Marital Dissolution: A Critical Study of the Views of Islamic Jurists and Contemporary Fiqh Academies
This study examines the issue of the dissolution of marriage (Faskh al-Nikāḥ) based on physical and psychological harm within the framework of Islamic jurisprudence. The institution of marriage in Islam is intended to establish harmony, tranquility, and mutual respect between spouses. However, when one spouse suffers continuous harm that makes marital life unbearable, Islamic law provides mechanisms to remove such injustice. This research analyses the concept of ḍarar (harm) as discussed by classical jurists and contemporary Islamic legal bodies. It highlights that harm is not limited to physical abuse, such as beating or causing bodily injury, but also includes psychological and emotional harm, such as verbal abuse, humiliation, neglect, and betrayal. The study critically reviews the opinions of different schools of Islamic law regarding whether harm constitutes a valid ground for judicial dissolution. While some jurists, particularly within the Ḥanafī tradition and certain reports from the Shāfiʿī and Ḥanbalī schools, emphasize reconciliation through arbitration rather than separation, other scholars especially within the Mālikī School recognize harm as a legitimate basis for dissolving the marriage. The research also evaluates the views of modern fiqh academies and contemporary scholars. It concludes that removing harm and injustice aligns with the fundamental objectives of Sharīʿah, and therefore, judicial dissolution may be justified when marital life becomes intolerable due to physical or psychological abuse.
The study of the Seerah is, in reality, a means of connecting with that fountain of guidance from which the intellectual and spiritual life of the Muslim Ummah has continually drawn nourishment. It is a radiant mirror in which the realities of faith, the subtleties of moral character, and the wisdom of the Shariah appear in their most perfect beauty. For this reason, scholars and people of insight in every age have made Seerah the focus of their thought and research, so that the lights of the Prophetic example may remain ever fresh despite the passage of time, and humanity may continue to find in it the same illumination that first shone forth in the age of Prophethood. This work is also a graceful manifestation of this noble tradition, wherein the author has presented the account of the Prophetic Seerah through a harmonious blend of comprehensiveness, scholarly investigation, and brevity. Its comprehensiveness is such that the various aspects of the blessed life of the Prophet appear in a coherent and pleasing arrangement, enabling the reader to attain a multi-dimensional understanding of Prophetic life. Alongside this, a spirit of careful research and critical reflection is evident throughout, reflecting the author’s scholarly insight and intellectual caution. Despite the abundance of material, however, the author has preserved an admirable brevity and elegance of expression, ensuring that the narrative remains neither unduly prolonged nor burdensome for the reader, while the breadth of meaning is conveyed with refined clarity. Moreover, the work carries a dignified theological tone through which the events of the Prophet’s life are also illuminated from intellectual and doctrinal perspectives, allowing the truths of faith to take deeper root in the mind and helping to dispel doubts that may arise. In this way, the work emerges not only as a source of knowledge and research, but also as a meaningful endeavor towards the constructive transformation of human life.
A Scholarly Review of Dr. Nejātullāh Ṣiddīqī's Interpretations Regarding Takāful
This research critically examines the intellectual contributions of Dr. Nejātullāh Ṣiddīqī regarding "Takāful" (Islamic Insurance) within the framework of contemporary Urdu scholarship. Dr. Ṣiddīqī meticulously analyzed conventional insurance models, identifying their inherent conflicts with Sharīʻah principles due to the presence of Ribā (Usury), Gharar (Uncertainty), and Qimār (Gambling). He advocated for a fundamental paradigm shift from 'risk transfer' to 'risk sharing,' proposing a system rooted in the Islamic values of mutual cooperation (Ta'āwun) and voluntary contribution (Tabarrʻu). By synthesizing classical Islamic jurisprudence with modern economic complexities in his seminal works, Dr. Ṣiddīqī provided a robust theoretical foundation for an ethical insurance alternative. He emphasized that the primary objective of Takāful should be social welfare and collective security rather than mere commercial exploitation. This study evaluates his visionary interpretations and highlights their ongoing relevance in navigating the financial challenges of the 21st century while upholding the broader Maqāṣid al- Sharīʻah (Objectives of Sharīʻah).
The Interrelationship of the Universe, Nature, and Man: In the Light of Qur’ānic Studies
The interrelationship of the universe, nature, and man, when examined in the light of Qur’ānic studies, reveals an intricately balanced system of divine harmony and purposeful design. The Qur’ān presents a comprehensive cosmological vision in which every element of creation animates or inanimate exists in a state of submission to the Creator, reflecting His wisdom, power, and mercy. Humanity, within this cosmic framework, holds a distinctive yet responsible position as the vicegerent of Allah on earth, entrusted with maintaining balance, justice, and sustainability in all spheres of life. The Qur’ānic worldview thus defines the relationship among man, nature, and the universe not as one of conflict or exploitation but of cooperation, reflection, and moral accountability. In essence, Qur’ānic studies illuminate the interrelationship between the universe, nature, and man as an integrated moral, spiritual, and ecological system rooted in tawḥīd. The Qur’ān envisions a world where every aspect of creation participates in divine order and where humanity’s role is to live in harmony with that order protecting, nurturing, and reflecting the Creator’s wisdom on earth. This relationship, grounded in reverence and responsibility, provides a timeless framework for addressing modern environmental challenges and reestablishing balance between man and the cosmos under the guidance of divine revelation.
An Introductory Study of the Books Written by the Authors of Jhang on the Love of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ)
The personality of the Holy Prophet Muḥammadﷺ represents the highest pinnacle of moral excellence, spiritual beauty and human perfection. His character conduct and Prophetic model possess such an enduring attraction that the closer one draws to him, the deeper one becomes devoted. His Sīrah resembles an eternal garden whose flowers remain untouched by the decay of time. Love for the Prophetﷺ has remained a defining feature of Muslim faith, inspiring scholars, saints, poets and authors across all ages to express their devotion through speech, writing and even sacrifice of life. This research article presents an analytical study of selected works authored by scholars of Jhang that reflect profound love for the Prophetﷺ. The study primarily examines Shān-e-Muṣṭafā and ʿIshq-e-Rasūl ﷺby Shaykh Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi and Maḥbūbāt-e-Thalātha by Mawlānā Muhammad Bilal Jhangvi. These works articulate the exalted status of the Prophetﷺ through Qur’ānic exegesis, Prophetic traditions, historical narratives and spiritual insights. Shān-e-Muṣṭafā explores the themes of divine love and reassurance for the Prophetﷺ through the interpretation of Sūrah al-Ḍuḥā, highlighting the unique relationship between Allah and His Belovedﷺ.ʿIshq-e-Rasūl ﷺprovides a conceptual and experiential analysis of love and devotion, illustrating how intense love for the Prophetﷺ leads ultimately to divine love. Maḥbūbāt-e-Thalātha systematically explains the three beloved attributes of the Prophetﷺ, the Companions, Angel Jibrīl and Allah Almighty, grounding each in Qur’ān, Ḥadīth and Sīrah.The study concludes that the contributions of Jhang’s scholars present a rich blend of scholarship and spirituality, reinforcing love for the Prophetﷺ as a transformative force for individual faith and collective moral refinement.
A Special Study of the Preaching Methodology in the Ghazawāt and Sarāyā in the Light of Bayān al-Qurʾān by Dr. Israr Ahmad
The Holy Qur’ān does not present the idea of salvation as limited to an individual alone; rather, it portrays the whole of humanity as part of a historical struggle. The climax of this historical struggle is the call towards Allāh (Da ‘wah ilā Allāh), a responsibility entrusted to the Muslim Ummah from Prophet Adam (peace be upon him) to Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). According to Dr. Israr Ahmed, understanding the continuity of this call towards Allah is the true objective of understanding the Qur’ān. According to Dr. Israr Ahmed, the purpose of the battles and expeditions (Ghazawāt and Sarāyā) was to establish an organized state system and to raise the Word of Allāh, so that the correct methodology of Islamic propagation could be built upon a proper structure. Thus, the Ghazawāt and Sarāyā were not merely military operations; rather, they were a living example of a collective struggle extending from the individual to the level of society as a whole.
Islamic Ethical Values and Economic System: A Research and Analytical Study
This research paper examines the profound interconnection between Islamic moral values and the economic system, highlighting how ethics serve as the foundation of an equitable and sustainable economy in Islam. The study delves into core values such as taqwā (God-consciousness), ʻadl (justice), iḥsān (benevolence), ukhuwah (brotherhood), and taʻāwun (cooperation), exploring their practical implications on wealth creation, distribution, and consumption. Through analyzing these principles, the paper illustrates how the Islamic economic model promotes fairness, eliminates exploitative practices like usury and hoarding, and encourages social welfare through zakāt, waqf, and voluntary charity. Moreover, the research explores the pivotal concept of ḥalāl and ḥarām in Islamic economics, analyzing its application in income generation, wealth exchange, and distribution. By evaluating Islamic financial institutions, interest-free banking mechanisms (like mudārabah and mushārakah), and judicial enforcement of economic justice, the study identifies how moral standards are practically integrated within modern Islamic economies. The findings affirm the relevance of Islamic ethical guidelines in addressing global economic crises and propose actionable strategies for implementing these values in contemporary financial systems.
The Influence of the Political Milieu on al-Ḥarīrī,s Maqāmāt
This paper presents a brief study of the political environment reflected in the Maqāmāt of al-Ḥarīrī. It outlines the political context of the Abbasid period, provides a concise definition of the maqāmah as a literary genre, and discusses the reasons for its emergence. The study then highlights how al-Ḥarīrī depicts contemporary political and administrative realities through satire, narrative structure, and rhetorical expression. It argues that the Maqāmāt offer an implicit portrayal of political instability and social conditions, revealing the interaction between literary form and political context. Using a descriptive and analytical approach, the paper demonstrates that al-Ḥarīrī’s Maqāmāt serve as both a literary innovation and a reflection of their political milieu.
Islamic Law of Inheritance and Distribution of the Deceased’s Estate in the Light of Shariah Teachings
The title “Division of Property” primarily refers to the distribution of inheritance, and the present study likewise focuses on the Islamic law of inheritance distribution. Since the division of an estate is not possible without first properly formulating the inheritance problem (masʾala), this study begins by explaining the method of preparing inheritance calculations and subsequently elaborates on the principles governing the actual distribution of inheritance. Given that certain inheritance scenarios differ from standard cases, a separate section is devoted to addressing such exceptional situations. Accordingly, this thesis is structured into three main sections. The first section, Inheritance Calculations, deals with the technical preparation of the masʾala. Its most crucial component is the determination of mukhārij al-furūḍ (denominators of the fixed shares), which are discussed in detail. Since these denominators may sometimes increase or decrease, the principles of ʿawl and radd are examined to resolve such complexities. Furthermore, when shares cannot be evenly divided among heirs, the method of taṣḥīḥ al-masāʾil (correction of the inheritance problem) is explained to ensure accurate allocation of shares. The second section, Distribution of Inheritance, addresses the practical application of these calculations. The distribution process is carried out in two stages. The first stage explains how the estate is distributed among the deceased’s heirs, detailing both group-based and individual shares. The second stage discusses the preparation of the masʾala and the subsequent distribution of the estate among creditors, where applicable. In cases where heirs do not receive their precise shares, the process of taṣḥīḥ al-taqsīm (correction of distribution) is comprehensively discussed. The third section focuses on Special Cases in Inheritance Distribution. These include situations where an heir relinquishes his or her share in return for a specific asset from the estate, a process known as takhāruj, as well as cases where one or more heirs die successively before the estate is fully distributed, resulting in complex redistribution issues known as munāsakha. Both matters are analyzed in detail to clarify their legal implications and practical resolution.