Al-Mithaq ( Research Journal of Islamic Theology)
Al-Mīthāq (Research Journal of Islamic Theology) ISSN: 2791-0989 (P), 2791-0997 (E) is a tri-lingual (Urdu, English and Arabic), Double-Blind Peer-Reviewed, Open access, Quarterly Research Journal, is published by Hira Institute of Social Sciences Research & Development. In this journal different aspects of Islamic theology and their impact on Muslim world are discussed.
Hira Institute of Social Science Research & Development
A Comparative Analysis of Madaris and Sīrah-Based Education Systems
This research investigates the teaching and mentorship practices employed at the registered madrassas (Islamic schools) in Karachi that operate under Wifāq ul Madāris Al ʻArabia. Analysing the design and approaches of these schools will help this study evaluate the degree to which these madrassas observe the customary Islamic educational practices and respond to the challenges posed by the modern world. Throughout this study, special focus is given to the Sīrah of Ḥaḍrat Muhammad (ﷺ). The Sīrah plays an important role in illustrating the ideal model that combines both educational mentoring as well as the spiritual and the soul. As such, this study seeks to understand how the madaris in Karachi are attempting to incorporate this model in their educational approaches, especially given the social and technological advancements in the world around them. It has been observed during this study that while such institutions are dedicated to teaching the Sīrah, the complete vision of spiritually integrated education, that is, the educational model has yet to be achieved. It is true that there is administrative intervention in the madaris and that there are efforts aimed at improving the operational, educational, and administrative efficiency of individual madaris. Even with such efforts, the development of an integrated spiritually oriented education that aligns with the intellectual and the modern education as well as moral and ethical education is an area that still requires extensive attention. One of the most important understandings of this study is the appreciation of the concordance with the Sīrah concerning educational values, particularly the principles of compassion, ethics, and personalization within the teacher-student relationship. Nonetheless, the vision for their integration within daily practice remains unfulfilled. The study proposes the integration of spiritual and ethical components within the assessment framework of madaris to evaluate whether such values are being taught. Moreover, the teacher-student relationship, especially the mentoring component, ought to bear more of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) compassionate approach to promote the personal and moral development of the students. These suggestions are essential not only for the replacement of the madaris system in Karachi but also for the more extensive reforms in the global Islamic education system. If more attention is given to the Sīrah within the curriculum, then the madaris will transform into more comprehensive educational institutions that foster the mind and spirit and prepare students to tackle the difficulties of the contemporary world harmonized with Islamic traditions. It is in light of this that this research aspires to shift the discourse regarding the reform of the Islamic educational system in a way that meets the needs of the global Muslim population.
Analytical Study of Family and Social Issues of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is one of the most significant provinces of Pakistan, distinguished by its unique cultural, social, and historical characteristics. The majority of its population consists of Pashtuns, a nation known for its distinct traditions, values, and social norms. The religious and social attitudes of the people are deeply rooted, and Islamic law and jurisprudence hold a central position in shaping their personal and collective lives. Despite its cultural richness and strong religious foundation, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is confronted with a number of social, economic, familial and judicial challenges which have become major obstacles to the overall progress and development of the region. These problems include widespread poverty, lack of quality education, insufficient healthcare facilities, violation of women’s rights, family disputes, delays in the justice system, and the rising rate of crime. This article, however, focuses specifically on the family and social issues of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Family problems in this province are directly linked to broader societal issues, as social norms, customs, and cultural expectations in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa often hinder the proper implementation of Islamic family laws in their true spirit. Human nature varies, and within society some individuals create complications while others attempt to resolve them. Therefore, the critical investigation of these problems and the search for practical and effective solutions is not only necessary for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, but also important for the development of Pakistan as a whole. For this reason, the present topic is both relevant and essential in contemporary academic and social research.
Dhikr, Gratitude, and Patience: A Comprehensive Concept of the Path of Servitude in the Light of the Holy Qur’ān (Thematic Analysis of Sūrah Al-Baqarah Ᾱyāt152–157)
This research examines the Qur’ānic concepts of Dhikr (remembrance of Allah), Shukr (gratitude), and Ṣabr (patience) as key principles for spiritual, moral, and psychological development. By employing a qualitative strategy through a thematic and analytical study of selected Qur’ānic verses, the research explores how these three virtues form a comprehensive framework Dhikr strengthens the believer’s connection with the Creator for human well-being. Dhikr creates a constant awareness of divine presence that soothes the heart and aligns human emotions with faith. Ṣabr enables endurance and moral strength in times of hardship, reinforcing reliance upon Allah and trust in His wisdom. Shukr transforms the believer’s perception of reality, fostering contentment, humility, and a positive outlook on life. Together, these three principles constitute a dynamic spiritual triad that enhances resilience, emotional balance, and social harmony. The study further demonstrates that these principles are not confined to spiritual practice but also offer practical guidance for addressing modern challenges such as anxiety, materialism, and moral decline. The findings indicate that remembrance strengthens patience, patience deepens gratitude, and gratitude sustains remembrance forming a self-reinforcing cycle of spiritual growth. The study suggests that these values hold significant relevance for addressing modern challenges such as anxiety, materialism, and moral fragmentation. Integrating Dhikr, Ṣabr, and Shukr into personal life, education, and community practice can cultivate both individual well-being and collective spiritual consciousness.
Standards of Reasoning from the Tacit Approvals of the Prophet (ﷺ)
The tacit approvals (taqrīrāt) of the Prophet Muḥammad (ﷺ) represent a significant source of Islamic law and jurisprudential reasoning, as they embody the Prophet’s silent endorsement of particular acts, sayings, or practices performed in his presence. This research explores the methodological and epistemological standards through which jurists infer legal and moral rulings from such tacit approvals. It examines the conditions under which a tacit approval attains evidentiary authority (ḥujjiyyah), such as the Prophet’s awareness of the act, absence of disapproval, and contextual relevance. The paper further analyzes the standards of reasoning (ma‘āyīr al-istidlāl) applied by classical jurists, including considerations of time, circumstance, and custom, and evaluates how these standards ensure the reliability of inferences drawn from silence or non-objection. Comparative discussions between the major schools of Islamic jurisprudence reveal nuanced differences in the scope and application of tacit approvals in deriving legal rulings. The study concludes that taqrīrāt nabawiyyah provide a profound epistemic foundation for understanding the Prophet’s normative guidance, emphasizing that reasoning from them must adhere to strict methodological standards that preserve both textual integrity and juristic precision.
Obstacles to Social Peace and Stability and their Remedies
The present study undertakes a critical examination of the multifarious impediments to social peace and stability, with particular emphasis on socio-cultural, economic, political, legal, and technological dimensions. It contends that factors such as sectarian and religious conflicts, economic inequalities, political polarization, weak legal enforcement, cultural intolerance, and the unregulated use of modern technology collectively generate conditions of social disharmony and instability. By employing an analytical framework, the research underscores the necessity of a holistic and integrated approach to conflict resolution and peacebuilding. The findings suggest that the synergy between state institutions and community-based organizations plays a pivotal role in mitigating these challenges. Moreover, the activation of peace committees, local councils, and community mediation forums, coupled with initiatives for public education, awareness, and value-based training, are identified as crucial instruments for fostering tolerance, inclusivity, and social cohesion. Ensuring equitable distribution of resources and expanding economic opportunities are further highlighted as indispensable measures for addressing marginalization and systemic disparities. Finally, the study emphasizes the regulation of digital platforms and the promotion of digital literacy as essential mechanisms for countering misinformation and extremist narratives. The research concludes that the integration of these strategies can serve as a viable pathway toward constructing a resilient, peaceful, and sustainable society.
The Negative Effects of Using Tik-Tok and Instagram on Muslim Youth and its Solution in Islamic Teachings
The rapid expansion of social media platforms such as Tik-Tok and Instagram has profoundly influenced the behavioural, moral, and intellectual patterns of youth across the globe. Among Muslim youth, these effects are particularly significant as they intersect with religious, ethical, and cultural values rooted in Islamic teachings. This study examines the negative psychological, moral, and social consequences of excessive engagement with Tik-Tok and Instagram, focusing on issues such as time wastage, identity distortion, moral decline, the normalization of immodesty, and detachment from religious and communal responsibilities. Using a qualitative analytical approach, the paper draws upon empirical studies, sociological data, and classical Islamic sources to understand how digital consumerism and the pursuit of online validation erode spiritual consciousness and moral discipline. The research also highlights the subtle mechanisms through which these platforms promote materialism, narcissism, and ideological secularization among Muslim youth. In response, the study explores comprehensive solutions derived from Islamic teachings, emphasizing the Qur’ānic concept of ḥayāʼ (modesty), taqwā (God-consciousness), and the Prophetic model of social responsibility. The paper proposes an Islamic framework for ethical digital engagement that integrates self-accountability (muḥāsabah), purposeful media consumption, and community-based moral education. It concludes that effective guidance rooted in Qur’ānic principles and the Sunnah can help Muslim youth navigate modern digital environments without compromising their faith, moral integrity, or identity. Thus, the research contributes to contemporary Islamic discourse on media ethics by offering a balanced perspective that harmonizes technological participation with spiritual well-being.
An Analysis of the Critiques of Ṣūfī Beliefs on Prophethood and Messengership
The doctrines of prophethood and messengership occupy a pivotal place in Islamic theology, shaping the core of Muslim belief and intellectual reflection. Within this discourse, Ṣūfī thought elaborated distinctive interpretations of the nature, functions, and spiritual dimensions of prophethood and messengership, articulated through symbolic, metaphysical, and experiential frameworks. While these perspectives enriched the spiritual and mystical heritage of Islam, they simultaneously became a focus of criticism from opponents of Ṣūfīsm, who contended that certain mystical formulations risked compromising theological orthodoxy or obscuring doctrinal clarity. This article undertakes a critical examination of these debates by analyzing both the epistemological and metaphysical foundations of Sufi conceptions and the principal objections raised by their critics. The study seeks to provide a balanced scholarly evaluation of this controversy, tracing its implications for Islamic theology, mysticism, and the broader discourse on orthodoxy and heterodoxy within Muslim intellectual history.
Islamic Principles of Child Education and Upbringing and the Role of Parents: Study of Qur’ānic Teachings
The upbringing and character formation of children constitute a fundamental and comprehensive aspect of human life that has always been accorded exceptional significance across all eras. In the contemporary age, social evolution, intellectual and scientific advancements, and the overwhelming influence of technology have rendered the responsibilities of parents, teachers, and society more delicate and complex. This paper is in the light of the teachings of the Holy Qur’ān and the Prophet’s Sunnah (ﷺ), elucidates the principles of balanced personality development and character building of children. It particularly highlights the pivotal role of parents and social institutions in nurturing the intellectual, moral, and spiritual growth of future generations. The responsibility of parents is not confined merely to the fulfillment of material needs; rather, the holistic upbringing of faith, morality, and intellect is also an indispensable part of their duties. Islamic teachings emphasize that the formation of a child’s personality is unattainable without the integration of love, wisdom, and discipline. Parents, through their words and actions, serve as the primary role models, while educational institutions and society provide a supportive environment for the child’s moral and intellectual development. By harmonizing Islamic teachings with the demands of the modern era, a balanced and practical framework can be devised to guide the development of a moderate, cultured, and morally upright generation. It is, therefore, the mutual and balanced contribution of parents, teachers, and society that ensures the successful and effective upbringing of future generations in accordance with the Qur’ān and Sunnah.
Juristic Discourses and Modern Issues Concerning the Offspring of Crossbreeding between Ḥalāl and Ḥarām Animals: A Study in the Light of Ḥanafī Fiqh
This study explores the important juristic question of determining the permissibility (ḥalāl) or prohibition (ḥarām) of animals within the framework of Ḥanafī jurisprudence. According to the Ḥanafī school, if two permissible animals interbreed, their offspring is unanimously considered ḥalāl, and if two impermissible animals interbreed, their offspring is unanimously considered ḥarām. However, when a permissible (mākūl al-laḥm) and an impermissible (ghayr mākūl al-laḥm) animal interbreed, juristic differences arise. Some jurists hold that if the offspring resembles the impermissible parent, it should be deemed ḥarām, while another opinion states that such an offspring is categorically prohibited, since the principle is that when ḥalāl and ḥarām are combined, prohibition prevails. Nevertheless, the majority of Ḥanafī jurists maintain that the decisive factor is the mother; hence, if the mother is ḥalāl, the offspring is also considered ḥalāl, even if the father is ḥarām. This article examines these foundational principles exclusively from the Ḥanafī perspective and applies them to contemporary issues such as genetic engineering, crossbreeding, and lab-grown meat. The discussion demonstrates how classical jurisprudential principles continue to provide guidance in modern scientific contexts, underlining the need for further academic engagement with these emerging challenges.
The Defense of the Doctrine of Finality of Prophethood: A Study of Local and International Efforts
The doctrine of the Finality of Prophethood is a cornerstone of Islamic belief, ensuring the preservation of divine revelation and the protection of the Muslim community from false claims of prophethood. Throughout history, deviant movements such as Qadianism have challenged this principle, prompting the establishment of the World Council for the Protection of the Finality of Prophethood in Pakistan in 1953. The Council played a vital role in uniting Muslim scholars across different schools of thought, organizing international conferences, publishing refutations, and raising awareness about the dangers of Qadianism. Its efforts culminated in the historic 1974 resolution of the Pakistani Parliament declaring Qadianis a non-Muslim minority, an achievement further reinforced by the World Muslim League’s conference in Makkah. The Council’s activities ranging from education and media engagement to building international networks highlight the importance of collective action in defending core Islamic doctrines.
Scientific Exegesis within the Parameters of Sharīʻah: An Analytical Study of the Arguments of Proponents and Opponents
The Holy Qur’ān, as the final divine revelation, embodies an eternal miracle encompassing intellectual, rational, and spiritual dimensions. Its guidance extends to all spheres of life, providing principles of faith, law, politics, economy, and social order. With the passage of time, scholars have approached the Qur’ān through various interpretive lenses, opening ever-new avenues of research and reflection. Among these approaches, scientific exegesis (al-tafsīr al-ʿilmī) has emerged prominently in the modern era, wherein scholars attempt to interpret Qur’ānic verses in light of contemporary scientific discoveries. This trend, however, has given rise to a significant scholarly debate. Advocates of scientific tafsīr view it as a means to demonstrate the Qur’ān’s miraculous nature and its harmony with modern knowledge, while critics argue that such interpretations risk subjecting the divine text to the changing theories of science, thereby undermining its timelessness. This study critically examines the Sharīʿah status of scientific exegesis, presenting the arguments of both its proponents and opponents, and evaluates its place within the broader framework of Qur’ānic hermeneutic.
A Special Study of the Appreciation and Literary Trends from the Study of the Sīrat-al-Nabī (ﷺ) by Orientalists
This article examines the perspectives of non-Muslims on the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. It argues that while some biased non-Muslim authors have spread misinformation to undermine Islam, many others have recognized and praised the Prophet's character. The article highlights how even his enemies and contemporaries, such as Abu Sufyan (before his conversion) and leaders like Heraclius and Urwah ibn Mas'ud, acknowledged his truthfulness, trustworthiness, and profound influence. The text presents the laudatory views of several prominent non-Muslims from different eras and backgrounds. It cites figures like Thomas Carlyle, Leo Tolstoy, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Mahatma Gandhi, who admired the Prophet’s leadership, moral virtues, and transformative impact on society. The article also discusses how the Prophet's teachings on social equality and justice impressed many, including scholars like Arnold J. Toynbee and R. K. Rao. Furthermore, the article identifies three specific trends in non-Muslim writings about the Prophet: a commendatory trend, an academic/scholarly trend, and a literary/poetic trend. It explains that the scholarly trend, which emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries, focused on translating and studying early Islamic texts, leading to a more objective understanding of the Prophet's life. The literary trend, particularly prevalent among some Hindu and Sikh authors, expresses reverence and admiration through prose and poetry. The article concludes that these diverse positive portrayals from non-Muslims testify to the Prophet Muhammad’s universal and exemplary character.
The Effects of Extremism in the Light of Islamic Teachings
This research examines the phenomenon of extremism, with particular attention to its detrimental effects in light of Islamic teachings. Extremism, understood as a deviation from moderation in thought and conduct, poses a serious threat to social harmony and national stability. The study begins by exploring the meaning, scope, and contemporary manifestations of extremism, including political, religious, and ideological forms. The urgency of addressing this issue stems from its destructive consequences across multiple dimensions of human life. Among the most severe are social fragmentation, rising intolerance, and the spread of hatred. Extremism undermines political trust, discourages foreign investment, and distorts religious values for violent agendas. It further contributes to moral decline, evident in aggressive behavior and diminished patience, while also damaging the education system through intellectual stagnation and suppression of critical thought. Additional consequences include youth radicalization, cultural erosion, and the weakening of family structures. In contrast, Islam advocates balance, justice, and compassion principles that stand in direct opposition to extremist tendencies. This paper argues that revisiting and applying these foundational Islamic values provides a constructive framework for countering extremism and fostering social peace and cohesion.
A Research Study of the Tradition of Critical Aspect of Sufism in Indian Sub-Continent
Islam has historically emphasized ʿaql (rationality), fikr (critical reflection), and ʿilm (learning). The roots of critical inquiry in Islamic tradition, established during the compilation of the Qurʾān and ḥadīth, later shaped the discipline of naqd (criticism) and tajdīd (renewal). Within this intellectual framework, the tradition of critically evaluating taṣawwuf (Sufism) emerged to safeguard it from un-Islamic elements. In the Indian Subcontinent, this critical dimension of Sufism was carried forward by prominent scholars including ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq al-Muḥaddith al-Dihlawī, Shāh Walī Allāh al-Dihlawī, Sayyid Naẓīr Ḥusain al-Dihlawī, Nawāb Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān al-Bhopālī, Mawlānā Sanāʾ Allāh al-ʿAmritsarī, Qāḍī Sanāʾ Allāh Pānīpatī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī al-Thanvī, Abū al-Kalām Āzād, Muḥammad Iqbāl, and Sayyid Saʿīd Aḥmad Shāh. Their critiques addressed doctrinal, ethical, and practical dimensions of Sufi thought, ensuring its harmony with Islamic principles while rejecting innovations. This study examines the critical legacy of these scholars, highlighting how their intellectual engagement preserved the authenticity of Sufism in the Subcontinent and reinforced its integration with the broader Islamic scholarly tradition.
Ṣaḥiḥ Ibn e Ḥibbān: Introduction and Specification
This study explores Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Ḥibbān, one of the most significant works of ḥadīth compiled by the eminent scholar Abū Ḥātim Muḥammad ibn Ḥibbān (d. 354 AH). The book, originally titled al-Musnad al-Ṣaḥīḥ ʿalā al-Taqāsīm wa al-Anwāʿ, occupies a distinctive place in the corpus of ḥadīth literature due to its unique method of classification and critical approach to the authenticity of narrations. Unlike the traditional topical arrangement found in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī and Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, Ibn Ḥibbān devised an innovative system of divisions (taqāsīm) and categories (anwāʿ), which, while systematic, often presents challenges for modern readers in locating specific traditions. Despite not being included in the Ṣiḥāḥ Sittah, the book is regarded by ḥadīth specialists as among the most reliable collections after al-Bukhārī and Muslim. Its rigorous selection criteria, methodological precision, and scholarly impact have made it a valuable source for jurists, theologians, and historians. This paper highlights the introduction, characteristics, and distinctive features of Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Ḥibbān, while situating its importance within the broader development of ḥadīth litreature.
The Necessity and Significance of Takhrīj al-Ḥadīth and Its Fundamental Methodologies: An Explanatory Study
The science of Takhrīj al-Ḥadīth represents a fundamental and indispensable discipline in Islamic scholarship and research. Its core objective is to trace, identify, and document the original sources of every transmitted narration, statement, or report, and to issue a scholarly judgment based on the authenticity (ṣiḥḥah), weakness (ḍaʿf), or fabrication (waḍʿ) of the ḥadīth or statement under investigation. Through this methodology, scholars and researchers are able to evaluate the reliability of the isnād (chain of transmission) and the credibility of the narrators, thereby establishing a sound intellectual foundation for resolving legal, theological, and ethical questions. The significance of Takhrīj extends beyond mere source-tracing; it serves as a vital tool for preserving the integrity of the Islamic intellectual tradition and ensuring the accuracy of contemporary research. A proper understanding of its principles equips students and researchers with the methodological rigor required to produce reliable academic outcomes. Conversely, ignorance of this science often leads to inaccuracies, weak argumentation, and an unsound scholarly mindset. In light of its necessity and scholarly value, this article seeks to highlight the importance of Takhrīj al-Ḥadīth and to provide an explanatory study of its fundamental methodologies (manāhij al-takhrīj), emphasizing its role in the advancement of Islamic studies and the cultivation of critical academic inquiry.
Ethnic, Linguistic and Religious Aggression: A Global Social Challenge and Its Remedy in the Light of the Prophetic Life
The contemporary Muslim world faces profound social challenges rooted in linguistic, religious and racial conflicts that threaten communal harmony and societal progress. Despite advancements in global human rights frameworks, these forms of aggression continue to sow division, intolerance and injustice within and beyond Muslim societies. This research critically examines the exemplary life of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ as a comprehensive blueprint for addressing and resolving these enduring social maladies. Drawing upon seminal moments such as the Charter of Medina, the clemency displayed during the conquest of Mecca, and the Farewell Pilgrimage sermon, this study elucidates how the Prophet’s ﷺ teachings and practices established foundational principles of respect for linguistic diversity, religious pluralism, and racial equality. By integrating authentic Ḥadīths and classical Sīrah literature, the paper argues that the prophetic model not only promotes ethical governance but also fosters sustainable social cohesion rooted in justice, mutual respect and human dignity. This research underscores the urgent need for the Ummah to realign its socio-political strategies with the moral and practical guidance derived from the Sīrah, thereby transforming contemporary conflicts into opportunities for unity and constructive coexistence. Ultimately, this study contributes to the broader discourse on social reform within Islam, offering a transformative framework to counteract sectarianism, ethnic discrimination and linguistic prejudice through the timeless wisdom of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.
Legal Rulings and Inheritance Concerning the Adopted Child (Mutabannā): A Research-Based Study in the Light of Sharī‘ah Texts
This article explores the Islamic and legal dimensions of child adoption with a specific focus on the implications for lineage, inheritance, and marital law in Islamic jurisprudence. While Western legal systems recognize adoption as a process that grants the adopted child full familial and inheritance rights including name change and legal parenthood Islamic law distinguishes clearly between biological and non-biological relationships. Drawing upon Qur’ānic injunctions, Prophetic traditions, and classical juristic discourse, this paper establishes that although Islam highly encourages the fostering and care of orphans and abandoned children, it prohibits the alteration of lineage and denies inheritance rights to adopted children unless granted through bequest. The research also examines Pakistan’s legal framework on guardianship under the Guardians and Wards Act 1890 and provides guidelines for ethical documentation and legal guardianship without violating Islamic principles. The paper concludes with recommendations for harmonizing child welfare with Sharī‘ah-compliant adoption practices, ensuring justice, lineage integrity, and the sanctity of Islamic family law.
The Agreed Principles of Deriving Islamic Rulings and their Impact: A Research Study of the Opinions of Jurists and Mujtahids
This research explores the unified methodology (manhaj) adopted by classical Islamic jurists (mujtahidīn) and legal scholars (fuqahāʾ) for deriving legal rulings (istinbāṭ al-aḥkām) from the primary sources of Islamic law, the Qur’ān and the Sunnah. In addition to the clear textual evidences (naṣṣ), the Islamic legal system provides mechanisms such as ijmāʿ (consensus) and qiyās (analogical reasoning) to address non-explicit legal issues. The study finds that the foundational principles for istinbāṭ are largely agreed upon among the leading schools of Islamic jurisprudence, particularly the four Sunni madhāhib (Ḥanafī, Mālikī, Shāfiʿī, and Ḥanbalī). While minor differences do occur in application, these are generally based on interpretational preferences (rājiḥ vs marjūḥ) rather than on fundamental legal contradictions. The study draws from historical and contemporary sources to demonstrate how these jurists applied agreed-upon principles to address emerging issues in various contexts. It also explores how their methodology helped maintain legal coherence and unity in the Muslim Ummah despite contextual differences. Furthermore, the research reflects on early applications of juristic reasoning by the Companions (ṣaḥābah), such as ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib’s deduction of punishment for intoxication through analogical linkage to slander. The study concludes that the agreed methodology of legal derivation in Islamic law not only offers a consistent legal framework but also ensures that Islamic jurisprudence remains dynamic, adaptable, and spiritually rooted.
The Intellectual and Religious Life in the Era of Ḥāfiẓ Ibn Ḥajar: An Analytical Study of Its Context and Impact
This study examines the intellectual and religious landscape of the era of Ḥāfiẓ Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī (d. 852 AH / 1449 CE), a time shaped by strong attachment to the four Sunnī legal schools (al-madhāhib al-arbaʿah). Juridical conformity (taqlīd) was often required for official and academic posts. The implementation of ḥudūd (Islamic penal codes) aimed to preserve public morality. The period saw the expansion of taṣawwuf (Ṣūfism), supported by state rulers. While it influenced spiritual life, it also encouraged some mystical misreadings. Ashʿarism was the dominant theological school, often in tension with Ḥanbalī and Salafī views. Various sects such as the Rāfiḍah, Ismāʿīlīs, Nuṣayrīs (Alawites), Druze, and Ḥurūfīs emerged, promoting innovations (bidʿah) and ecstatic mysticism. Despite these challenges, the era saw remarkable scholarly productivity memorization of classical texts (ḥifẓ al-mutūn), compilation of works, and interregional learning. Eminent scholars of this period include Ibn Kathīr, Ibn Baṭṭūṭah, Ibn Rajab, Ibn al-Mulaqqin, Al-Jazarī, Al-Būṣīrī, Ibn Khaldūn, and Imām al-Sakhāwī. The study concludes that the socio-religious context of this time significantly shaped Ibn Ḥajar’s scholarly character and his balanced intellectual legacy.
A Contemporary Intellectual Analysis of Afghanistan’s National and Political Conditions
This study critically examines Afghanistan’s national and political conditions, focusing on its political stability, economic landscape, international relations, and future prospects. Given Afghanistan’s geopolitical significance and historical challenges, this paper analyzes the Taliban government's trajectory, its diplomatic standing, and economic strategies. Three possible scenarios for Afghanistan’s future are explored. The first scenario envisions internal stability and restored international relations, where flexible policies and human rights reforms could facilitate global financial aid, foreign direct investment (FDI), and integration into regional economic initiatives like China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The second scenario predicts continued diplomatic isolation and internal crises, where economic hardship, restricted foreign exchange reserves, and terrorist activities could exacerbate instability. The third scenario examines regional alliances and alternative economic pathways, suggesting stronger cooperation with China, Russia, Iran, and Central Asian nations to reduce dependence on Western aid and promote self-sufficiency. The study highlights key recommendations for Afghanistan’s stability and development. Gradual diplomatic engagement is essential for strengthening global ties, while economic transparency and investment opportunities must be prioritized. A zero-tolerance security policy against terrorism and regional security partnerships are crucial for maintaining peace. Additionally, education and human rights reforms, particularly in women’s education and vocational training, will be vital for sustainable progress. Regional cooperation, including trade expansion and energy projects such as the TAPI pipeline, can facilitate economic recovery. Afghanistan’s future depends on its leadership’s policy choices, international recognition, and regional partnerships. If effective reforms are implemented, the country could achieve stability and economic viability. However, prolonged diplomatic isolation and unresolved internal conflicts could hinder progress. This study provides a scholarly analysis of Afghanistan’s contemporary national and political landscape, offering insights into its challenges and long-term outlook.
An Analytical Study of the Ḥadīth Syllabus in O' Level’s Islāmiyāt
This study presents a comprehensive analytical review of the selected ḥadīths included in the Cambridge O’Level Islāmiyāt (2058) curriculum, with the objective of evaluating their thematic relevance, pedagogical utility, and spiritual significance in a contemporary educational context. The syllabus prescribes twenty ḥadīths, meticulously chosen from the authentic compilations of Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī and Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, and categorizes them under two core themes: individual moral conduct (akhlāq fardiyyah) and collective social behavior (muʿāmalāt ijtimāʿiyyah). This research explores how these Prophetic traditions function as foundational texts that guide students in cultivating ethical character, spiritual consciousness, and a sense of communal responsibility. By analyzing the content, language, and moral directives of the selected ḥadīths, the study demonstrates their enduring relevance in shaping the worldview of Muslim youth and their understanding of Islam as a comprehensive way of life. The findings indicate that the integration of these ḥadīths in the school curriculum not only strengthens students’ religious identity but also enhances their analytical skills through reflective engagement with authentic Islamic sources. Furthermore, the study addresses certain pedagogical challenges observed in the teaching and learning process, such as limited contextual explanation and insufficient critical interaction with the text.
A Comparative Review of Islamic and International Law on the Veneration of Divine Books and Sacred Sites
Religion holds the same significance in human life as the soul does for the body. Every major religion primarily revolves around two essential elements: worship and beliefs. All religions are rooted in reverence, and showing respect for sacred beliefs is considered essential across faith traditions. The glorification (taʿẓīm) of revealed scriptures and holy books is so important that even in a state of war, the Qur’ān emphasized protecting their sanctity. Islam strictly forbids the desecration of any religion. Followers of any religion maintain a strong emotional and spiritual bond with their religious sanctities (muqaddasāt), and respecting these is a universal religious value. The previous divine laws, including those found in Judaism and Christianity, contain guidance regarding the interpretation (tafsīr) of revealed scriptures. Similarly, Islamic Sharīʿah places great importance on the respect for these texts. Islam is a religion of peace, mutual respect, and harmony. It teaches Muslims to honor not only their own religious symbols but also those of other faiths. In contrast, some Western societies have misused the concept of freedom of religion and expression, crossing boundaries by insulting sacred figures, mocking religious sentiments, and publishing blasphemous content. While they label this behavior as "freedom of speech," they are often unwilling to tolerate similar speech about their own sensitive issues—such as criticism related to the Holocaust. Islamic law (Sharīʿah) guarantees true freedom of religion. It commands Muslims to respect all revealed books, prophets (Anbiyāʾ), sacred places (amākin muqaddasah), and houses of worship. It promotes interfaith harmony and prohibits Muslims from allowing personal disputes to lead to the desecration of others’ sanctities. Anyone who insults the books of Allah or religious symbols faces condemnation and both worldly and eternal consequences in Islam. On the other hand, international law, though it recognizes freedom of religion and belief, often limits these rights when it comes to freedom of expression. This imbalance enables acts of desecration—such as blasphemous cartoons, Qur’ān burnings, and insults against the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, the Companions (Ṣaḥābah), and the Mothers of the Believers (Ummahāt al-Muʾminīn)—to occur under legal protection. Thus, the limited scope of international law in addressing such issues highlights the need for a more balanced and respectful global legal approach toward religious sanctities.
Greek Medicine and Islamic Therapeutic Approaches: An Analytical Study
This study explores the foundations, principles, and applications of Greek medicine and Islamic therapeutic approaches through an analytical lens. Greek medicine, rooted in the humoral theory of Hippocrates and Galen, laid the groundwork for many pre-modern medical systems, while Islamic medicine, influenced by Qur’ānic teachings, Prophetic traditions, and the works of scholars such as Ibn Sīnā and Al-Rāzī, integrated spiritual and empirical healing methods. The central research question guiding this study is: How do the theoretical frameworks and therapeutic methodologies of Greek medicine compare with those of Islamic medical tradition, and what can be derived from their synthesis for modern holistic healthcare? The methodology is qualitative and historical-analytical in nature, involving textual analysis of classical sources, translated manuscripts, and contemporary evaluations. Key similarities and divergences are identified in terms of diagnostic methods, treatment principles, and the role of spirituality in healing. The study finds that while Greek medicine emphasizes bodily balance through physical treatments, Islamic medicine integrates moral, spiritual, and physical dimensions. It is suggested that a contextual understanding of both systems can enrich current discussions on integrative and alternative medicine. The conclusion highlights the potential of Islamic therapeutic models, with their emphasis on ethical care and divine consciousness, to contribute meaningfully to modern wellness paradigms, particularly in Muslim societies.
The Concept and Role of Al-‘Afw (Surplus Wealth) in Islamic Economics
The concept of al-‘Afw (surplus wealth) holds a significant place in Islamic economic thought, representing a fundamental mechanism for achieving socio-economic justice and human welfare. Islam envisions an economic framework in which wealth is not concentrated in a few hands but circulates fairly across all segments of society. The Qur’anic principle of al-‘Afw encourages individuals to spend beyond their basic needs for the collective benefit of the community, particularly the underprivileged. This study explores the conceptual foundations, practical implications, and ethical dimensions of al-‘Afw as outlined in the Qur'an and Sunnah. It argues that the Islamic economic system is inherently welfare-oriented, with surplus wealth serving as a tool to bridge economic disparities, reduce poverty, and foster social solidarity. Furthermore, the research highlights that Islamic financial ethics promote responsible earning, transparent trade, and charitable spending (infāq), all of which are anchored in God-consciousness (taqwā) and a sense of accountability in the Hereafter. By analyzing primary sources and classical juristic interpretations, this paper demonstrates that al-‘Afw is not merely a moral ideal but a structural component of Islamic economic policy aimed at realizing comprehensive human development.
Creativity and Novelty Introduced by Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) In Education
This research manuscript aims to explore how creativity and novelty were introduced by Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) in education. Innovative techniques for the education and grooming of his people were applied. Motivation and appreciation were the tools he utilized to enable people to acquire education. The nation's cream was also encouraged to adopt teaching as a profession. Education was declared compulsory for all men and women in the society. Long-term and short-term planning was formulated to achieve a rapid and high literacy rate. The heads of the families and neighbours were tasked to educate all and sundry. Even a special group of people was tasked to educate others. Even skills like critical thinking were encouraged among his companions by adopting a distinctive style. Pen was highly valued, and specialization in various fields of knowledge was also promoted. Women were highly encouraged to acquire education. Even co-curricular activities like humour, debates, poetry, races, wrestling, horse-riding, archery, swimming etc, were introduced to prepare people for life and transform them into future global leaders. Then the world saw the impact of the Prophet’s measures in education, and an indelible mark was left on human history. Muslims surpassed other nations and progressed socially, economically, and politically, and Islam reached far-flung areas of the world. Qur’ān, ḥadīths, history books, websites, and journals will be consulted to add value to this article in an explorative and descriptive way.
Manifestations of Love and Benevolence in Social Relations: A Study Based on the Prophetic Sīrah
This study examines Prophet Muhammad's (ﷺ) lessons and practices on love and goodwill, suggesting that these are vital components for fostering harmonious social and family connections. By drawing on Qur’ānic verses, Ḥadīth, and historical instances, it portrays the life of the Prophet (ﷺ) as a paradigm of empathy and insight, highlighting how these principles can transform communities and reinforce family connections. The study is divided into three parts. The initial part lays down the theoretical basis of love and goodwill in Islamic teachings and emphasizes their expression in the Prophet's (ﷺ) life. The subsequent part addresses the application of these principles in family dynamics, especially in marriage and parenting, referencing the Prophets (ﷺ) dealings with his family. The third part explores the social dimensions of empathy and compassion, emphasizing the Prophet (ﷺ) advice on nurturing harmonious relationships and his inclusive attitude toward kindness, which encompasses both non-Muslims and the environment. The research article concludes by providing practical suggestions for integrating these values into contemporary settings, highlighting their importance in addressing challenges like social fragmentation and family disintegration. This study highlights the exemplary actions of the Prophet (ﷺ), offering a lasting model for promoting love, empathy, and kindness in every aspect of life, inspiring individuals to develop more compassionate and resilient connections.
Integrating Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah into the Jurisprudential Rulings of Commercial Transactions: An Analytical Study of Shāh Walīullāh’s Economic Thought
This study examines the integration of the objectives of Sharī‘ah (maqāṣid al-sharīʿah) within Islamic commercial jurisprudence, with particular reference to the thought of Shāh Walīullāh Dehlvī (1703–1762). As a reformist scholar, spiritual guide, and profound thinker, Shāh Walīullāh emphasized that Islamic economic injunctions are grounded not merely in outward legal formalities but are deeply rooted in higher objectives such as justice, equality, public welfare, and the prevention of harm and exploitation in society. He argued that the essence of Islamic economic rulings lies in promoting ethical conduct and socio-economic balance, rather than being confined to rigid legalistic interpretations. This article analyses the rulings pertaining to sales and commercial transactions (buying and selling) in Islamic jurisprudence in the light of these objectives, demonstrating how Shāh Walīullāh’s intellectual framework harmonizes Sharī‘ah rulings with ethical, spiritual, social, and economic dimensions. Furthermore, this study highlights how his approach seeks to achieve societal welfare (maṣlaḥah), eradicate injustice, and establish fairness in economic dealings, thereby ensuring that Islamic commercial law serves as a means of benefit and mercy for humanity. Ultimately, this research reveals the continued relevance, effectiveness, and practical utility of Shāh Walīullāh’s thought for contemporary Islamic economic theory, jurisprudence, and policy-making within both the classical legal tradition and the objective-oriented approach of Islamic law.
Belief in the Finality of Prophethood and the Origins of Mirzāiyat: An Analytical Study in the Light of Tafsīr Lahorī by Aḥmad ʻAlī Lahorī
The belief in the Finality of Prophethood is a fundamental tenet of Islamic faith, affirming that Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) is the last messenger, with no prophet to come after him. This doctrine has been the cornerstone of Islamic theology and is explicitly supported by Qur’ānic verses and Aḥādīth. However, the emergence of Mirzāiyat, founded by Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad Qādiānī in the 19th century, posed a direct challenge to this core belief. This article examines the ideological confrontation between traditional Islamic scholarship and the claims of Mirzāiyat, particularly in light of Tafsīr Lahorī by Maulānā Aḥmad ʻAlī Lahorī. The study explores the theological, historical, and intellectual dimensions of this conflict, highlighting how scholars have systematically refuted Mirzā Ghulām Aḥmad's claims using classical exegeses, ḥadīth literature, and logical reasoning. The article further delves into the scholarly resistance led by prominent Islamic scholars such as Maulānā Anwar Shah Kashmīrī, Maulānā Murtaḍa Ḥassan Chāndpūrī, and Maulānā Sanaullah Amritsarī. Their academic and intellectual contributions played a crucial role in countering the reinterpretation of Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (Finality of Prophethood). Through an analytical review of Tafsīr Lahorī, this study provides insight into the importance of safeguarding Islamic beliefs from distortion. The research underscores the necessity of continued scholarly engagement to protect the integrity of Islamic doctrine and counter contemporary ideological challenges posed by movements seeking to alter traditional beliefs.
Collecting Zakāt from Doubtful Wealth According to System of Government of Pakistan: A Legal and Sharīʿah Analysis
Zakāt, the third pillar of Islam, is a vital financial obligation aimed at social justice, wealth redistribution, and spiritual purification. While Islam places strong emphasis on the purity of wealth, the current mechanisms of zakāt collection, particularly in Pakistan, often lack scrutiny over the source of wealth being taxed. This study critically examines the jurisprudential and legal implications of deducting zakāt from bank accounts without differentiating between ḥalāl (lawful) and ḥarām (unlawful) earnings. It highlights the doctrinal foundations of zakāt, its historical enforcement, and the principles set by classical Islamic jurists regarding the legitimacy of wealth. The research points out that modern zakāt laws and state-run collection systems do not have established mechanisms to verify whether the wealth is earned through permissible means. The paper presents a comparative study of the opinions of jurists on whether zakāt is even obligatory on ḥarām income, many of whom argue it is not, since such wealth is illegitimate and must be disposed of differently. Furthermore, the study discusses the implementation of zakāt deduction policies in Pakistan since 1980, analyzing legal documents and administrative practices in light of Islamic jurisprudence. This research proposes reforms for incorporating ethical checks and religious principles in modern zakāt systems. It concludes by asserting that failing to distinguish between lawful and unlawful wealth in zakāt practices not only undermines the spiritual objectives of zakāt but also raises significant ethical and theological concerns.