Integrating Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah into the Jurisprudential Rulings of Commercial Transactions: An Analytical Study of Shāh Walīullāh’s Economic Thought

احکام ِبیوع میں مقاصدِ شریعت کی تطبیق: شاہ ولی اللہؒ کی فکر کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Abstract

This study examines the integration of the objectives of Sharī‘ah (maqāṣid al-sharīʿah) within Islamic commercial jurisprudence, with particular reference to the thought of Shāh Walīullāh Dehlvī (1703–1762). As a reformist scholar, spiritual guide, and profound thinker, Shāh Walīullāh emphasized that Islamic economic injunctions are grounded not merely in outward legal formalities but are deeply rooted in higher objectives such as justice, equality, public welfare, and the prevention of harm and exploitation in society. He argued that the essence of Islamic economic rulings lies in promoting ethical conduct and socio-economic balance, rather than being confined to rigid legalistic interpretations. This article analyses the rulings pertaining to sales and commercial transactions (buying and selling) in Islamic jurisprudence in the light of these objectives, demonstrating how Shāh Walīullāh’s intellectual framework harmonizes Sharī‘ah rulings with ethical, spiritual, social, and economic dimensions. Furthermore, this study highlights how his approach seeks to achieve societal welfare (maṣlaḥah), eradicate injustice, and establish fairness in economic dealings, thereby ensuring that Islamic commercial law serves as a means of benefit and mercy for humanity. Ultimately, this research reveals the continued relevance, effectiveness, and practical utility of Shāh Walīullāh’s thought for contemporary Islamic economic theory, jurisprudence, and policy-making within both the classical legal tradition and the objective-oriented approach of Islamic law.