Islamic Principles of Agreements in International Relations

خارجہ تعلقات میں اسلام کاقانونِ معاہدات

Abstract

This paper explores the Islamic principles governing agreements and treaties in the context of international relations, emphasizing the ethical and legal frameworks derived from Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and foundational sources like the Qur'ān and Sunnah. Islamic law underscores the sanctity of covenants (ʿaqd) and the imperative to uphold justice and equity in inter-state dealings, forming the basis for a moral international order. Key principles include the fulfillment of contracts (wafāʾ bi'l-ʿuqūd), peaceful conflict resolution (ṣulḥ), and the prohibition of betrayal (ghadr) in agreements. The paper discusses historical precedents such as the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah and its implications for modern international diplomacy, particularly the treatment of non-Muslim states and the importance of mutual consent and fairness in treaties. Additionally, the role of Islamic ethics in fostering peaceful coexistence and cooperation between nations is highlighted. By examining these principles, the paper illustrates how Islamic teachings contribute to contemporary discourse on international law, advocating for agreements based on trust, justice, and respect for human dignity.